Loading…

Protocol - Fasting Plasma Glucose - Glucometer

Add to My Toolkit
Description

This protocol provides basic information for measuring blood glucose concentrations using a glucose meter or glucometer. Participants are asked to fast for at least 9 hours (generally overnight) prior to the test.

Specific Instructions

If the 9-hour fast is not met, the Diabetes Working Group (WG) recommends that the test can still be completed as a "casual" glucose concentration (see protocol for casual glucose reference ranges for screening plus/minus Diabetes).

Note from the Diabetes WG: Rather than asking if the subject had anything to eat or drink after 11:30, the WG notes that is acceptable to record the current time and time when the subject last had anything other than plain water.

Note from the Diabetes WG: The investigator should record the reason(s) a sample person is excluded from the fasting plasma glucose test.

Note from the Diabetes WG: To aid comparability, the Diabetes WG recommends that the investigator record the make and manufacturer of glucometer used and the repeatability and coefficients of variation for the assay.

Note from the Expert Review Panel: Plasma or Serum

Collection of blood samples for the measurement of analytes requires a general determination of whether to use serum or plasma for the assay and also a determination of the type of collection tube to be obtained. For example, if plasma is to be used a determination needs to be made as to whether EDTA- or heparin-containing collection tubes are used. While comparable values are obtained for many analytes from either serum or plasma, there may be situations where differences are more pronounced, and serum- or plasma-specific norms will be needed for references. The protocol presented here uses EDTA plasma. At times, it may be possible to collect both, but other considerations, such as participant burden, may be the deciding factor. It is important to match assay type with sample type. Some automated devices may preclude the use of EDTA plasma, for example, while others may be optimized for it. Investigators should choose methods of collection that match the methods of analysis. This will best be done by communicating with the laboratory where the proposed assays will be performed. They will become an important partner with you in assuring that there is compatibility from collection to assays to interpretation and reporting of levels and results.

Availability

Available

Protocol

Exclusion Criteria:

Persons will be excluded from this component if they:

• Report that they are taking oral medications for diabetes;

• Report that they are taking insulin;

• Report that they are pregnant;

• Report that they have hemophilia;

• Report that they have received cancer chemotherapy in the last 3 weeks; and

• Report that they have not fasted at least 9 hours.

SP = Sample Person.

1. Did you eat or drink anything other than plain water after [Insert time at 9 hours prior to sample collection] last night?

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

[ ] Refused

[ ] Don’t Know

If answer is "No," then he or she has met the 9-hour fast. If answer is "Yes," "Don’t know," or "Refused," then the actual fasting time is unknown.

Confirmation Question:

2. Have you had any of the following since {insert time from 1 here}?

Coffee or tea with cream and sugar? [Include milk or non-dairy creamers.]

[ ] Yes If Yes, record time and date _____________

[ ] No

Alcohol, such as beer, wine, or liquor?

[ ] Yes If Yes, record time and date _____________

[ ] No

Gum, breath mints, lozenges, or cough drops, or other cough or cold remedies?

[ ] Yes If Yes, record time and date _____________

[ ] No

Antacids, laxatives, or anti-diarrheals?

[ ] Yes If Yes, record time and date _____________

[ ] No

Dietary Supplements such as vitamins and minerals? [Include multivitamins and single nutrient supplements.]

[ ] Yes If Yes, record time and date _____________

[ ] No

3. Are you currently pregnant?

1 [ ] Yes

2 [ ] No

3 [ ] Don’t Know

If answer is "Yes," then the SP is blocked from the Fasting Plasma Glucose test. If answer is "No" or "Don’t Know," the SP completes Fasting Plasma Glucose test.

4. {Is SP/Are you} now taking insulin?

1 [ ] Yes

2 [ ] No

7 [ ] Refused

9 [ ] Don’t Know

If the SP answers, "Yes," the SP is excluded from the Fasting Plasma Glucose test. If answer is "No" or "Don’t Know," the SP completes Fasting Plasma Glucose test.

5. {Is SP/Are you} now taking diabetic pills to lower {{his/her}/your} blood sugar? These are sometimes called oral agents or oral hypoglycemic agents

1 [ ] Yes

2 [ ] No

7 [ ] Refused

9 [ ] Don’t Know

If the SP answers "Yes," the SP is excluded from the Fasting Plasma Glucose test. If the SP answers "No" or "Don’t Know," the SP completes Fasting Plasma Glucose test.

6. Do you have hemophilia? (exclusion from Phlebotomy)

1 [ ] Yes

2 [ ] No

7 [ ] Refused

9 [ ] Don’t Know

If the SP answers, "Yes," the SP is excluded from the Fasting Plasma Glucose test. If the SP answers "No" or "Don’t Know," the SP completes Fasting Plasma Glucose test.

7. Have you received cancer chemotherapy in the past 4 weeks or do you anticipate such therapy in the next 4 weeks? (exclusion from Phlebotomy)

1 [ ] Yes

2 [ ] No

7 [ ] Refused

9 [ ] Don’t Know

If the SP answers "Yes," the SP is excluded from the Fasting Plasma Glucose test. If the SP answers "No" or "Don’t Know," the SP completes Fasting Plasma Glucose test.

Using the Glucometer

There are many types of glucose meters available that are appropriate for this protocol. Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for a finger stick (or other site), calibration, and measurement.

Reference Ranges:

Fasting plasma glucose concentration between 60-100 mg/dL

Non-fasting glucose concentration between 60-139 mg/dL

Personnel and Training Required

None

Equipment Needs

Glucose meter (glucometer)

Requirements
Requirement CategoryRequired
Major equipment No
Specialized training No
Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection No
Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual No
Mode of Administration

Bioassay

Lifestage

Infant, Toddler, Child, Adolescent, Adult, Senior, Pregnancy

Participants

All ages

Selection Rationale

While not as accurate as the hexokinase-mediated reaction, glucose meters can be used to obtain approximate glucose concentrations. This might be performed if venipuncture is not done and is preferable to not taking the measure at all.

Language

Chinese, English

Standards
StandardNameIDSource
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Fast plasma gluc glucometer proto 62852-9 LOINC
Human Phenotype Ontology Abnormality of blood glucose concentration HP:0011015 HPO
caDSR Form PhenX PX140802 - Fasting Plasma Glucose For Diabetes Screening Glucomet 6169208 caDSR Form
Derived Variables

The threshold fasting plasma glucose concentrations for the scoring (+/-) of prediabetes and diabetes are updated yearly by the American Diabetes Association and can be found in the journal Diabetes Care. Prediabetes Fasting plasma glucose concentration between 100-125 mg/dl (5.6-6.9 mmol/l) Diabetes Fasting plasma glucose concentration greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) Casual glucose concentration greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) American Diabetes Association. (2014). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 37(Suppl. 1), S81-S90.

Process and Review

The Expert Review Panel #1 reviewed the measures in the Anthropometrics, Diabetes, Physical Activity and Physical Fitness, and Nutrition and Dietary Supplements domains.

Guidance from the ERP includes:

• Changed name of measure

• Added recommendations on use of serum or plasma

Back-compatible: no changes to Data Dictionary

Previous version in Toolkit archive (link)

Protocol Name from Source

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) Manual, 2005-2006

Source

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). (2005-06). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Questionnaire. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) Procedures Manual. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

General References

American Diabetes Association (ADA). (2014a). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 37(Suppl. 1), S81-S90.

American Diabetes Association (ADA). (2014b). Standards of medical care in diabetes-2014. Diabetes Care, 31(Suppl. 1), S14-S80.

Frank, E. A., Shubha, M. C., & D’Souza, C. J. M. (2012). Blood glucose determination: Plasma or serum? Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 26, 317-320.

Miles, R. R., Roberts, R. F., Putnam, A. R., & Roberts, W. L. (2004). Comparison of serum and heparinized plasma samples for measurement of chemistry analytes [Letter to the Editor]. Clinical Chemistry, 50(9), 1704-1705.

Protocol ID

140802

Variables
Export Variables
Variable Name Variable IDVariable DescriptiondbGaP Mapping
PX140802_Alcohol
PX140802020201 Have you had any of the following since more
{insert time from 1 here}? Alcohol, such as beer, wine, or liquor? show less
N/A
PX140802_Alcohol_Date
PX140802020203 If Yes, record date N/A
PX140802_Alcohol_Time
PX140802020202 If Yes, record time N/A
PX140802_Antacids
PX140802020401 Have you had any of the following since more
{insert time from 1 here}? Antacids, laxatives, or anti-diarrheals? show less
N/A
PX140802_Antacids_Date
PX140802020403 If Yes, record date N/A
PX140802_Antacids_Time
PX140802020402 If Yes, record time N/A
PX140802_Assay_Repeatability
PX140802100000 Repeatability of the assay N/A
PX140802_Chemotherapy
PX140802070000 Have you received cancer chemotherapy in the more
past four weeks or do you anticipate such therapy in the next four weeks? (exclusion from Phlebotomy) show less
Variable Mapping
PX140802_Coefficient_Of_Variation
PX140802110000 Coefficient of variation for the assay N/A
PX140802_Coffee_Tea
PX140802020100 Have you had any of the following since more
{insert time from 1 here}? Coffee or tea with cream and sugar? [Include milk or non-dairy creamers.] show less
Variable Mapping
PX140802_Coffee_Tea_Date
PX140802020102 If Yes, record Date N/A
PX140802_Coffee_Tea_Time
PX140802020101 If Yes, record time N/A
PX140802_Diabetic_Pills
PX140802050000 {Is SP/Are you} now taking diabetic pills to more
lower {his/her}/your} blood sugar? These are sometimes called oral agents or oral hypoglycemic agents show less
Variable Mapping
PX140802_Dietary_Supplements
PX140802020501 Have you had any of the following since more
{insert time from 1 here}? Dietary Supplements such as vitamins and minerals? [Include multivitamins and single nutrient supplements.] show less
N/A
PX140802_Dietary_Supplements_Date
PX140802020503 If Yes, record date N/A
PX140802_Dietary_Supplements_Time
PX140802020502 If Yes, record time N/A
PX140802_Eat_Or_Drink
PX140802010000 Did you eat or drink anything other than more
plain water after 11:30 last night? show less
N/A
PX140802_Equipment_Make_Manufacturer
PX140802090000 Make and manufacturer of the glucometer used. N/A
PX140802_Exclusion_Criteria
PX140802080000 Exclusion Criteria N/A
PX140802_Fasting_Or_Casual_Glucose_Concentration
PX140802130000 Was the participant fasting? Variable Mapping
PX140802_Glucose_Concentration
PX140802120000 Glucose concentration Variable Mapping
PX140802_Gum
PX140802020301 Have you had any of the following since more
{insert time from 1 here}? Gum, breath mints, lozenges, or cough drops, or other cough or cold remedies? show less
N/A
PX140802_Gum_Date
PX140802020303 If Yes, record date N/A
PX140802_Gum_Time
PX140802020302 If Yes, record time N/A
PX140802_Hemophilia
PX140802060000 Do you have hemophilia? (exclusion from more
Phlebotomy) show less
Variable Mapping
PX140802_Last_Eat_Or_Drink_Date
PX140802010200 When did you last eat or drink anything more
other than plain? show less
Variable Mapping
PX140802_Last_Eat_Or_Drink_Time
PX140802010100 When did you last eat or drink anything more
other than plain? show less
Variable Mapping
PX140802_Pregnant
PX140802030000 Are you currently pregnant? Variable Mapping
PX140802_Taking_Insulin
PX140802040000 {Is SP/Are you} now taking insulin? Variable Mapping
Diabetes
Measure Name

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Release Date

May 10, 2010

Definition

A bioassay to determine the concentration of plasma glucose after a period of fasting.

Purpose

According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA, 2014a), the Fasting Plasma Glucose assay is the preferred method to screen for prediabetes and diabetes. When compared to other methods to screen for diabetes, such as the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) test, the Fasting Plasma Glucose test is cheaper, easier to implement, and lower burden to participants.

Keywords

diabetes, fasting plasma glucose for diabetes screening, glucose meter, glucometer, metabolic syndrome, NHANES

Measure Protocols
Protocol ID Protocol Name
140801 Fasting Plasma Glucose - Blood Draw
140802 Fasting Plasma Glucose - Glucometer
Publications

Chia, A. R., et al. (2020) Maternal plasma metabolic markers of neonatal adiposity and associated maternal characteristics: The GUSTO study. Scientific Reports. 2020 June; 10(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66026-5