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Protocol - Dietary Restraint

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Description

The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-18) is an 18-item, self-administered questionnaire with Likert-style questions.

Specific Instructions

The Working Group recommends making the change to Question 1 that is described below, since steak and meat are not nearly as popular now as when the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) was developed.

Angle et al. (2009) "modified item 1, "When I smell a sizzling steak or a juicy piece of meat, I find it very difficult to keep from eating, even if I have just finished a meal," into "When I smell a delicious food, I find it very difficult to keep from eating, even if I have just finished a meal." It was considered that this slight change would improve the ability of the statement to measure-in this population-what it was originally meant to measure: difficulty controlling eating when tempted by external stimuli, even when already full."

Availability

Available

Protocol

1. When I smell a sizzling steak or juicy piece of meat, I find it very difficult to keep from eating, even if I have just finished a meal.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

2. I deliberately take small helpings as a means of controlling my weight.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

3. When I feel anxious, I find myself eating.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

4. Sometimes when I start eating, I just can’t seem to stop.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

5. Being with someone who is eating often makes me hungry enough to eat also.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

6. When I feel blue, I often overeat.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

7. When I see a real delicacy, I often get so hungry that I have to eat right away.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

8. I get so hungry that my stomach often seems like a bottomless pit.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

9. I am always hungry so it is hard for me to stop eating before I finish the food on my plate.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

10. When I feel lonely, I console myself by eating.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

11. I consciously hold back at meals in order not to weight gain.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

12. I do not eat some foods because they make me fat.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

13. I am always hungry enough to eat at any time.

[ ] definitely true (4)

[ ] mostly true (3)

[ ] mostly false (2)

[ ] definitely false (1)

14. How often do you feel hungry?

[ ] Only at meal times (1)

[ ] sometimes between meals (2)

[ ] often between meals (3)

[ ] almost always (4)

15. How frequently do you avoid "stocking up" on tempting foods?

[ ] Almost never (1)

[ ] seldom (2)

[ ] usually (3)

[ ] almost always (4)

16. How likely are you to consciously eat less than you want?

[ ] Unlikely (1)

[ ] slightly likely (2)

[ ] moderately likely (3)

[ ] very likely (4)

17. Do you go on eating binges though you are not hungry?

[ ] Never (1)

[ ] rarely (2)

[ ] sometimes (3)

[ ] at least once a week (4)

18. On a scale of 1 to 8, where 1 means no restraint in eating (eating whatever you want, whenever you want it) and 8 means total restraint (constantly limiting food intake and never "giving in"), what number would you give yourself?

____________

Scoring:

The 1-2 scores were coded 1; 3-4 scores were coded 2; 5-6 scores were coded 3; 7-8 scores were coded 4. The cognitive restraint scale was composed of items 2, 11, 12, 15, 16, and 18. The uncontrolled eating scale was composed of items 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, and 17. The emotional eating scale was composed of items 3, 6, and 10.

Personnel and Training Required

None

Equipment Needs

None

Requirements
Requirement CategoryRequired
Major equipment No
Specialized training No
Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection No
Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual No
Mode of Administration

Self-administered questionnaire

Lifestage

Adolescent, Adult

Participants

Adolescents 12 and older and adults

Selection Rationale

In observational studies, dieting is a robust predictor of weight change. Since diets may be focused on changing diet composition rather than caloric restriction, a measure of dietary intake is important. The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) dietary restraint measure is validated, widely used, and free of charge.

Language

English

Standards
StandardNameIDSource
Human Phenotype Ontology Abnormal eating behavior HP:0100738 HPO
caDSR Form PhenX PX230401 - Dietary Restraint 6204398 caDSR Form
Derived Variables

None

Process and Review

Not applicable.

Protocol Name from Source

Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-18)

Source

The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 - Questions 1-18

General References

Lauzon, B., Romon, M., Deschamps, V., Lafay, L., Borys, JM., Karlsson, J., Ducimetière, P., Charles, M., Fleubaix Laventie Ville Sante Study Group. (2004). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 Is Able to Distinguish among Different Eating Patterns in a General Population. The Journal of Nutrition, 134(9), 2372-2380.

Stunkard, A. J., & Messick, S. (1985). The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29(1), 71-83.

Anglé, S., Engblom, J., Eriksson, T., Kautiainen, S., Saha, M. T., Lindfors, P., Lehtinen, M., & Rimpelä, A. (2009). Three factor eating questionnaire-R18 as a measure of cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating in a sample of young Finnish females. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(6), 41.

Protocol ID

230401

Variables
Export Variables
Variable Name Variable IDVariable DescriptiondbGaP Mapping
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_AlwaysHungry_Enough_ToEat
PX230401130000 I am always hungry enough to eat at any time. N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_AlwaysHungry_Hard_StopEating_BeforeFinishFood
PX230401090000 I am always hungry so it is hard for me to more
stop eating before I finish the food on my plate. show less
N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_BeingWithEater_MakesMeHungry
PX230401050000 Being with someone who is eating often makes more
me hungry enough to eat also. show less
N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_Deliberately_SmallHelpings_ControlWeight
PX230401020000 I deliberately take small helpings as a more
means of controlling my weight. show less
N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_DoNotEat_SomeFoods_MakeMeFat
PX230401120000 I do not eat some foods because they make me fat. N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_EatingBinges_NotHungry
PX230401170000 Do you go on eating binges though you are more
not hungry? show less
N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_FeelAnxious_FindMyselfEating
PX230401030000 When I feel anxious, I find myself eating. N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_FeelBlue_Often_Overeat
PX230401060000 When I feel blue, I often overeat. N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_FeelLonely_ConsoleMyself_ByEating
PX230401100000 When I feel lonely, I console myself by eating. N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_HoldBack_AtMeals_WeightGain
PX230401110000 I consciously hold back at meals in order more
not to weight gain. show less
N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_HowFrequently_Avoid_Stocking_TemptingFoods
PX230401150000 How frequently do you avoid "stocking up" on more
tempting foods? show less
N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_HowLikely_Consicous_EatLess_ThanWant
PX230401160000 How likely are you to consciously eat less more
than you want? show less
N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_HowOften_Hungry
PX230401140000 How often do you feel hungry? N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_Often_SoHungry_Stomach_BottomlessPit
PX230401080000 I get so hungry that my stomach often seems more
like a bottomless pit. show less
N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_Rating
PX230401180000 On a scale of 1 to 8, where 1 means no more
restraint in eating (eating whatever you want, whenever you want it) and 8 means total restraint (constantly limiting food intake and never giving in), what number would you give yourself? show less
N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_SeeDelicacy_SoHungry_MustEat
PX230401070000 When I see a real delicacy, I often get so more
hungry that I have to eat right away. show less
N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_SmellSteak_Difficulty_NotEating
PX230401010000 When I smell a sizzling steak or juicy piece more
of meat, I find it very difficult to keep from eating, even if I have just finished a meal. show less
N/A
PX230401_DietaryRestraint_StartEating_CantStop
PX230401040000 Sometimes when I start eating, I just can't more
seem to stop show less
N/A
Obesity
Measure Name

Dietary Restraint

Release Date

September 9, 2015

Definition

A self-administered questionnaire used to assess the cognitive and behavioral components of eating.

Purpose

Dietary restraint is used to describe both the ability to successfully limit intake and extreme reductions in intake often followed by overeating episodes

Keywords

Eating disorders, disordered eating, dietary restraint, disinhibition, cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, eating behavior, hunger, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, TFEQ

Measure Protocols
Protocol ID Protocol Name
230401 Dietary Restraint
Publications

There are no publications listed for this protocol.