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Protocol - Community Risk and Protective Factors

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Description

The protocol includes 33 self-administered questions from the Communities That Care Youth Survey (http://www.communitiesthatcare.net/). The protocol includes eight subscales: Low Neighborhood Attachment (three items on a 4-point scale), Community Disorganization (five items on a 4-point scale), Transitions and Mobility (four items on a 5-point scale), Perceived Availability of Handguns (one item on a 4-point scale), Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement (five items on a 4-point scale), Rewards for Prosocial Involvement (three items on a 4-point scale), Perceived Availability of Drugs (four items on a 4-point scale), and Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use (seven items on a 4-point scale).

Specific Instructions

Items below constitute the Community Subscales from the CTC [Communities That Care] 2010 Youth Survey. Item numbers at the end in parentheses reflect the original item numbers in that survey for comparison. See the full CTC Survey in the reference list for comparison.

The numbers to the left of the response option brackets are for scoring purposes and they should NOT be included in the administered survey.

The numbers to the left of the response option brackets are for scoring purposes and they should not be included in the administered survey.

Availability

Available

Protocol

Communities That Care 2010 Youth Survey

1. This is not a test, so there are no right or wrong answers; we would like you to work quickly, so that you can finish.

2. All of the questions should be answered by marking one of the answer spaces. If you don’t find an answer that fits exactly, use one that comes closest. If any question does not apply to you, or you are not sure what it means, just leave it blank.

3. Your answers will be read automatically by a computer. Please follow the instructions carefully.

  • Use only a blue or black pencil.
  • Make heavy marks inside the circles.
  • Erase cleanly or mark a big "X" over any answer you wish to change.
  • Make no other markings or comments on the answer pages, since they interfere with the automatic reading. (If you want to add a comment about any questions, please use the space provided on page 12.)

4. Some of the questions have the following format:

Please mark in the circle which of the four words best describes how you feel about that sentence.

EXAMPLE: The Seattle Storm is a good basketball team.

[ ] YES!

[ ] yes

[ ] no

[ ] NO!

Mark (the BIG) YES! if you think the statement is definitely true for you.

Mark (the little) yes if you think the statement is mostly true for you.

Mark (the little) no if you think the statement is mostly not true for you.

Mark (the BIG) NO! if you think the statement is definitely not true for you.

These questions ask about the neighborhood and community where you live.

1. If you wanted to get some beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), how easy would it be for you to get some? (82)

1 [ ] Very hard

2 [ ] Sort of hard

3 [ ] Sort of easy

4 [ ] Very easy

2. If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? (83)

1 [ ] Very hard

2 [ ] Sort of hard

3 [ ] Sort of easy

4 [ ] Very easy

3. If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood, would he or she be caught by the police? (84)

4 [ ] NO!

3 [ ] no

2 [ ] yes

1 [ ] YES!

4. If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you to get some? (85)

1 [ ] Very hard

2 [ ] Sort of hard

3 [ ] Sort of easy

4 [ ] Very easy

5. If a kid drank some beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood, would he or she be caught by the police? (86)

4 [ ] NO!

3 [ ] no

2 [ ] yes

1 [ ] YES!

6. If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one? (87)

1 [ ] Very hard

2 [ ] Sort of hard

3 [ ] Sort of easy

4 [ ] Very easy

7. If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? (88)

4 [ ] NO!

3 [ ] no

2 [ ] yes

1 [ ] YES!

8. If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? (89)

1 [ ] Very hard

2 [ ] Sort of hard

3 [ ] Sort of easy

4 [ ] Very easy

9. If a kid smoked a cigarette in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? (90)

4 [ ] NO!

3 [ ] no

2 [ ] yes

1 [ ] YES!

10. How wrong would most adults (over 21) in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: (91)

a. to use marijuana?

1 [ ] Very wrong

2 [ ] Wrong

3 [ ] A little bit wrong

4 [ ] Not wrong at all

b. to drink alcohol?

1 [ ] Very wrong

2 [ ] Wrong

3 [ ] A little bit wrong

4 [ ] Not wrong at all

c. to smoke cigarettes?

1 [ ] Very wrong

2 [ ] Wrong

3 [ ] A little bit wrong

4 [ ] Not wrong at all

11. If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. (94)

4 [ ] NO!

3 [ ] no

2 [ ] yes

1 [ ] YES!

12. My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. (95)

1 [ ] NO!

2 [ ] no

3 [ ] yes

4 [ ] YES!

13. I like my neighborhood.(96)

4 [ ] NO!

3 [ ] no

2 [ ] yes

1 [ ] YES!

14. There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about something important. (97)

1 [ ] NO!

2 [ ] no

3 [ ] yes

4 [ ] YES!

15. How much do each of the following statements describe your neighborhood? (98)

a. Crime and/or drug selling

1 [ ] NO!

2 [ ] no

3 [ ] yes

4 [ ] YES!

b. Fights

1 [ ] NO!

2 [ ] no

3 [ ] yes

4 [ ] YES!

c. Lots of empty or abandoned buildings

1 [ ] NO!

2 [ ] no

3 [ ] yes

4 [ ] YES!

d. Lots of graffiti

1 [ ] NO!

2 [ ] no

3 [ ] yes

4 [ ] YES!

16. How many times have you changed homes since kindergarten? (99)

1 [ ] Never

2 [ ] One or two times

3 [ ] Three or four times

4 [ ] Five or six times

5 [ ] Seven or more times

17. There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something well. (100)

1 [ ] NO!

2 [ ] no

3 [ ] yes

4 [ ] YES!

18. Which of the following activities for people your age are available in your community? (101)

a. Sports teams

4 [ ] Yes

1 [ ] No

b. Scouting

4 [ ] Yes

1 [ ] No

c. Boys and girls clubs

4 [ ] Yes

1 [ ] No

d. 4-H clubs

4 [ ] Yes

1 [ ] No

e. Service clubs

4 [ ] Yes

1 [ ] No

19. Have you changed schools (including changing from elementary to middle or middle to high school) in the past year? (102)

1 [ ] No

3 [ ] Yes

20. I feel safe in my neighborhood. (103)

4 [ ] NO!

3 [ ] no

2 [ ] yes

1 [ ] YES!

21. How many times have you changed schools (including changing from elementary to middle or middle to high school) since kindergarten? (104)

1 [ ] Never

2 [ ] One or two times

3 [ ] Three or four times

4 [ ] Five or six times

5 [ ] Seven or more times

22. I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. (105)

1 [ ] NO!

2 [ ] no

3 [ ] yes

4 [ ] YES!

23. Have you changed homes in the past year? (106)

1 [ ] No

3 [ ] Yes

24. There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. (107)

1 [ ] NO!

2 [ ] no

3 [ ] yes

4 [ ] YES!

Scoring

Subscale

Reliability

Range

Scoring

Perceived Availability of Drugs

.88

1-4

Average items 1, 2, 8, 4

Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use

.82

1-4

Average items 3, 5, 7, 9, 10a, 10b, 10c

Low Neighborhood Attachment

.81

1-4

Average items 11, 13, 22

Neighborhood Rewards for Prosocial Involvement

.91

1-4

Average items 12, 17, 24

Neighborhood Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement

.80

1-4

Average items: 14, 18a, 18b, 18c, 18d, 18e

Community Disorganization

.83

1-4

Average items 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d, 20

Transitions and Mobility (alpha: N/A)

n/a

1-5

Average items 16, 19, 21, 23

Comparison with the CTC Normative Database.

Note: To obtain scores on the same metric as the CTC normative database, subtract 1 (from either each item, or from the means).

General Summary Scales

Scoring: averages of the above subscales

General Neighborhood Risk

.80

1-5

1) Reverse: Opportunities, Rewards, Attachment

2) Average: Opportunities-R, Rewards-R, Attachment-R, Disorganization, Transitions

Neighborhood Drug Risk

.88

1-4

Average: Laws and Norms & Perceived Availability

Personnel and Training Required

None

Equipment Needs

None

Requirements
Requirement CategoryRequired
Major equipment No
Specialized training No
Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection No
Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual No
Mode of Administration

Self-administered questionnaire

Lifestage

Adolescent

Participants

Adolescents aged 12-18 years (grades 6-12)

Selection Rationale

The Communities That Care Youth Survey is in the public domain and is available at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website. The survey reliably predicts current and prospective substance use-related problem behaviors among adolescents as well as prospective substance abuse and dependence in adulthood. SAMHSA’s database of 300,000 youths from around the country enables investigators to derive normative distributions for comparison to newly collected data.

Language

English, Other languages available at source

Standards
StandardNameIDSource
Human Phenotype Ontology Addictive behavior HP:0030858 HPO
caDSR Form PhenX PX540101 - Community Risk And Protective Factors 6229160 caDSR Form
Derived Variables

None

Process and Review

The Expert Review Panel #3 (ERP 3) reviewed the measures in Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Substances, and Substance Abuse and Addiction domains.

Guidance from ERP 3 includes:

• No significant changes to measure

Back-compatible: NA no changes to Data Dictionary

Previous version in Toolkit archive (link)

Protocol Name from Source

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Communities That Care (CTC) Youth Survey, 2004

Source

Arthur, M. W., Briney, J. S., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., Brooke-Weiss, B. L., & Catalano, R. F. (2007). Measuring risk and protection in communities using the Communities That Care Youth Survey. Evaluation and Program Planning, 30(2), 197-211.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2004). Communities That Care (CTC) Youth Survey. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from http://store.samhsa.gov/product/Communities-That-Care-Youth-Survey/CTC020

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). Communities That Care Normative Database (CTC NDB). Retrieved November 3, 2015, from https://www.pmrts.samhsa.gov/pmrts/CommunitiesCares.aspx

General References

http://www.communitiesthatcare.net/research-results/

Bailey, J. A., Hill, K. G., Meacham, M. C., Young, S. E., & Hawkins, J. D. (2011). Strategies for characterizing complex phenotypes and environments: General and specific family environmental predictors of young adult tobacco dependence, alcohol use disorder, and co‐occurring problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 118(2-3), 444-451.

Beyers, J. M., Toumbourou, J. W., Catalano, R. F., Arthur, M. W., & Hawkins, J. D. (2004). A cross‐national comparison of risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use: The United States and Australia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(1), 3-16.

Dryfoos, J. G. (1991). Adolescents at risk: A summation of work in the field: Programs and policies. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12(8), 630-637.

Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance‐abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64-105.

Hawkins, J. D., Herrenkohl, T., Farrington, D. P., Brewer, D., Catalano, R. F., & Harachi, T. W. (1998). A review of predictors of youth violence. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 106-146). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hawkins, J. D., Hill, K. G., Guo, J., & Battin, S. R. (1998, June). Common predictors of substance abuse, mental health and behavior disorders: Implications for prevention. Paper presented at the National Institute of Mental Health Office of Behavioral and Social Science, NIH Workshop on Prevention of Comorbidity, Bethesda, MD.

Hemphill, S. A., Heerde, J. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Patton, G. C., Toumbourou, J. W., & Catalano, R. F. (2011). Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use in the United States and Australia: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(3), 312-320.

Lipsey, M. W., & Derzon, J. H. (1998). Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 86-105). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mrazek, P. J., & Haggerty, R. J. (Eds.); Committee on Prevention of Mental Disorders, Institute of Medicine. (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for prevention intervention research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Pollard, J. A., Hawkins, J. D., & Arthur, M. W. (1999). Risk and protection: Are both necessary to understand diverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence? Social Work Research, 23(3), 145-158.

Protocol ID

540101

Variables
Export Variables
Variable Name Variable IDVariable DescriptiondbGaP Mapping
PX540101_Activities_In_Community_4h_Clubs
PX540101180400 Which of the following activities for people more
your age are available in your community? 4-H clubs show less
N/A
PX540101_Activities_In_Community_BoysGirls_Clubs
PX540101180300 Which of the following activities for people more
your age are available in your community? Boys and girls clubs show less
N/A
PX540101_Activities_In_Community_Scouting
PX540101180200 Which of the following activities for people more
your age are available in your community? Scouting show less
N/A
PX540101_Activities_In_Community_Service_Clubs
PX540101180500 Which of the following activities for people more
your age are available in your community? Service Clubs show less
N/A
PX540101_Activities_In_Community_Sports_Teams
PX540101180100 Which of the following activities for people more
your age are available in your community? Sports teams show less
N/A
PX540101_Adults_Attitude_Kid_Using_Alcohol
PX540101100200 How wrong would most adults (over 21) in more
your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: to drink alcohol? show less
N/A
PX540101_Adults_Attitude_Kid_Using_Cigarettes
PX540101100300 How wrong would most adults (over 21) in more
your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: to smoke cigarettes? show less
N/A
PX540101_Adults_Attitude_Kid_Using_Marijuana
PX540101100100 How wrong would most adults (over 21) in more
your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: to use marijuana? show less
N/A
PX540101_Changed_Homes_In_Past_Year
PX540101230000 Have you changed homes in the past year? N/A
PX540101_Changed_Schools_In_Past_Year
PX540101190000 Have you changed schools (including changing more
from elementary to middle or middle to high school) in the past year? show less
N/A
PX540101_Changed_Schools_Since_Kindergarten
PX540101210000 How many times have you changed schools more
(including changing from elementary to middle or middle to high school) since kindergarten? show less
N/A
PX540101_Feel_Safe_In_Neighborhood
PX540101200000 I feel safe in my neighborhood. N/A
PX540101_Get_Beer_Wine_Liquor
PX540101010000 If you wanted to get some beer, wine, or more
hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), how easy would it be for you to get some? show less
N/A
PX540101_Get_Cigarettes
PX540101020000 If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how more
easy would it be for you to get some? show less
N/A
PX540101_Get_Cocaine_Lsd_Amphetamines
PX540101040000 If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, more
LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you to get some? show less
N/A
PX540101_Get_Handgun
PX540101060000 If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy more
would it be for you to get one? show less
N/A
PX540101_Kid_Carried_Handgun_Get_Caught
PX540101070000 If a kid carried a handgun in your more
neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? show less
N/A
PX540101_Kid_Drank_Get_Caught
PX540101050000 If a kid drank some beer, wine, or hard more
liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood, would he or she be caught by the police? show less
N/A
PX540101_Kid_Smoked_Cigarette_Get_Caught
PX540101090000 If a kid smoked a cigarette in your more
neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? show less
N/A
PX540101_Kid_Smoked_Marijuana_Get_Caught
PX540101030000 If a kid smoked marijuana in your more
neighborhood, would he or she be caught by the police? show less
N/A
PX540101_Like_Get_Out_Of_Neighborhood
PX540101220000 I'd like to get out of my neighborhood. N/A
PX540101_Like_My_Neighborhood
PX540101130000 I like my neighborhood. N/A
PX540101_Marijuana_How_Easy_For_You
PX540101080000 If you wanted to get some marijuana, how more
easy would it be for you to get some? show less
N/A
PX540101_Neighbors_Notice_Good_Job
PX540101120000 My neighbors notice when I am doing a good more
job and let me know about it. show less
N/A
PX540101_People_In_Neighborhood_Proud
PX540101170000 There are people in my neighborhood who are more
proud of me when I do something well. show less
N/A
PX540101_People_In_Neighborhood_Who_Encourage
PX540101240000 There are people in my neighborhood who more
encourage me to do my best. show less
N/A
PX540101_Statements_Describe_Neighborhood_Abandoned_Buildings
PX540101150300 How much do each of the following statements more
describe your neighborhood? Lots of empty or abandoned buildings show less
N/A
PX540101_Statements_Describe_Neighborhood_Crime
PX540101150100 How much do each of the following statements more
describe your neighborhood? Crime and/or drug selling show less
N/A
PX540101_Statements_Describe_Neighborhood_Fights
PX540101150200 How much do each of the following statements more
describe your neighborhood? Fights show less
N/A
PX540101_Statements_Describe_Neighborhood_Graffiti
PX540101150400 How much do each of the following statements more
describe your neighborhood? Lots of graffiti show less
N/A
PX540101_Talk_To_Adults_In_Neighborhood
PX540101140000 There are lots of adults in my neighborhood more
I could talk to about something important. show less
N/A
PX540101_Times_Changed_Homes_Since_Kindergarten
PX540101160000 How many times have you changed homes since more
kindergarten? show less
N/A
PX540101_Would_Miss_The_Neighborhood
PX540101110000 If I had to move, I would miss the more
neighborhood I now live in. show less
N/A
Substance Use-related Psychosocial Risk Factors
Measure Name

Community Risk and Protective Factors

Release Date

February 24, 2012

Definition

This self-administered questionnaire assesses adolescents’ reports about the level and prevalence of exposure to substance use risk and protective factors in the community.

Purpose

This measure can be used to identify the specific community-related risk and protective factors that can predict adolescent (and later life) substance use and abuse.

Keywords

adolescent, Self-report, Low Neighborhood Attachment, Community Disorganization, Transitions and Mobility, Perceived Availability of Handguns, Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, Perceived Availability of Drugs, Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use, Communities That Care Youth Survey, community, Drug Abuse, drug use, neighborhood, SAMHSA, substance abuse, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, substance use, SAA, Substance Use-related Psychosocial Risk Factors

Measure Protocols
Protocol ID Protocol Name
540101 Community Risk and Protective Factors
Publications

Lisdahl, K. M., et al. (2018) Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study: Overview of substance use assessment methods. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018 August; 32: 80-96. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.02.007