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Protocol OverviewBrowse » Collections » Tobacco Regulatory Research » Tobacco Regulatory Research - Host: Social/Cognitive » Behavior Economics/Purchase Behavior » Behavior Economics/Purchase Behavior Note: Some Protocols contain images. You may click the thumbnails to preview the full image. To print Protocols with full size images, please add those Protocols to your Toolkit and Generate a Report.
Behavior Economics/Purchase Behavior #710401
Protocol Release Date
  February 20, 2015 Protocol Name From Source
This section will be completed when reviewed by an Expert Review Panel. Description of Protocol
The Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) is a simulation procedure to assess reinforcement efficacy of cigarettes within a specific context. The CPT came from an adaptation of a progressive-ratio operant schedule and early studies were a bit literal in the use of doubling response requirements, up to prices that were not plausible in the current market. Subsequent studies have involved using different prices to find the right balance of precision and comprehensiveness. Specific Instructions
Current smoking status must be ascertained before implementing this protocol. Proceed only if subject is a current smoker. Protocol
Read to participant: CPT - State assessment: Imagine that you could smoke RIGHT NOW. The following questions ask how many cigarettes you would consume if they cost various amounts of money. Assume the available cigarettes are your favorite brand. Assume that you have the same income/savings that you have now and NO ACCESS to any cigarettes or other nicotine products. In addition, assume that you cannot save or stockpile cigarettes for a later date. Be sure to consider each price increment carefully.
CPT - Trait assessment: Think about a TYPICAL DAY. The following questions ask how many cigarettes you would consume if they cost various amounts of money. Assume the available cigarettes are your favorite brand. Assume that you have the same income/savings that you have now and NO ACCESS to any cigarettes or nicotine products other than those offered at these prices. In addition, assume that you would consume cigarettes that you request at this time. You cannot save or stockpile cigarettes for a later date. Be sure to consider each price increment carefully.
For adolescents, alternate prices can be considered: Estimated cigarette consumption was assessed at $0.00, $0.01, $0.05, $0.13, $0.25, $0.50, $1.00, $1.50, $2.00, $2.50, $3.00, $4.00, $5.00, $6.00, $7.00, $8.00, $9.00, $11.00, $35.00, $70.00, $140.00, $280.00, $560.00, and $1,120.00 per cigarette. "The CPT data can generate five demand indices: 1. breakpoint (first price at which cigarette consumption is zero; 2. demand intensity (cigarette consumption at the lowest price); 3. Omax (output maximum, or maximum financial expenditure on cigarettes); 4. Pmax (price maximum, or price at which expenditure is maximized); and 5. elasticity of demand (sensitivity of cigarette consumption to increases in cost). To generate an estimate of elasticity, demand curves were estimated by fitting each participant’s reported consumption across the range of prices to Hursh and Silberberg’s (2008) exponential demand curve equation: ln Q: = lnQ0 + k(e−αP −1), in which Q is the quantity consumed, k specifies the range of the dependent variable (cigarette consumption) in logarithmic units, and α specifies the rate of change in consumption with changes in price (elasticity). The value of k (3.5 in natural log units in the present study, based on the best fit with the sample mean consumption values) is constant across all curve fits. Individual differences in elasticity are thereby scaled with a single parameter (α) which is standardized and independent of reinforcer magnitude. Larger α values reflect greater price sensitivity (elasticity). Demand curves were fit according to the Hursh and Silberberg (2008) guidelines using the calculator provided on the Institute for Behavioral Resources website. This nonlinear regression was used to generate an R2 value, reflecting percentage of variance accounted for by the equation. Consistent with Jacobs and Bickel (1999), when fitting the demand curve data, the first zero consumption value (i.e., breakpoint) was replaced by an arbitrarily low but nonzero value of .001, which is necessary for the logarithmic transformations. We did not include subsequent 0 consumption values in our curve estimates." Taken from Murphy et al. (2011). Variables
Selection Rationale
The Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) is a time- and cost-efficient assessment of cigarette value. It has good reliability and test-retest stability. It is related to dependence and cigarettes per day and has been validated with adolescents. Behavioral economics and purchase behavior are primary outcomes of tobacco regulatory research and can be used to assess the abuse liability of tobacco products. Source
Few, L. R., Acker, J., Murphy, C., & MacKillop, J. (2012). Temporal stability of a cigarette purchase task. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14, 761-765. Hursh, S. R., & Silberberg, A. (2008). Economic demand and essential value. Psychological Review, 115, 186-198. Murphy, J. G., MacKillop, J., Tidey, J. W., Brazil, L. A., & Colby, S. M. (2011). Validity of a demand curve measure of nicotine reinforcement with adolescent smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113, 207-214. Life Stage
Adolescent, Adult Language
English Participant
Cigarette smokers ages 14 and up Personnel and Training Required
None Equipment Needs
None Standards
General References
Chase, H. W., MacKillop, J., & Hogarth, L. (2013). Isolating behavioral economic indices of demand in relation to nicotine dependence. Psychopharmacology, 226, 371-380. Jacobs, E. A., & Bickel, W. K. (1999). Modeling drug consumption in the clinic using simulation procedures: Demand for heroin and cigarettes in opioid-dependent outpatients. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 7, 412-426. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.7.4.412. Liao, W., Luo, X., Le, C. T., Chu, H., Epstein, L. H., Yu, J., Ahluwalia, J. S., & Thomas, S. L. (2013). Analysis of cigarette purchase task instrument data with a left-censored mixed effects model. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21, 124-132. MacKillop, J., Brown, C. L., Stojek, M. K, Murphy, C. M., Sweet, L, & Niaura, R. (2012). Behavioral economic analysis of withdrawal- and cue-elicited craving for tobacco: An initial investigation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12, 1426-1434. Mode of Administration
Self-administered questionnaire Derived Variables
None Requirements
Process and Review
This section will be completed when reviewed by an Expert Review Panel. Please cite use of the PhenX Toolkit as: http://www.phenxtoolkit.org - April 11, 2017, Ver 21.0 |
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Release: April 11, 2017, Ver 21.0
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