Protocol - Peer and Family Influence on Smoking
Description
The Pierce 5-item National Cancer Institute (NCI) measure consists of 5 questions about peer and family smoking. The indices are scored dichotomously as "no exposure" versus "exposure." No exposure to family smoking: "No" on both family items (items 1 and 3). No exposure to friend smoking: "00" on both friend items (items 4 and 5).
Specific Instructions
Although it has not been used with people over age 22, to date, scientists may consider using this measure with participants up to age 26 as the most recent Surgeon General’s Report on young adult smokers, published in 2012, indicates that smoking initiation continues up to age 26.
Protocol
1. Do any of your parents, step-parents, or guardians now smoke cigarettes?
1[ ]YES
2[ ]NO
-7[ ]REFUSED
-8[ ]DON’T KNOW
2. Do you have any older brothers or sisters?
1[ ]YES
2[ ]NO
-7[ ]REFUSED
-8[ ]DON’T KNOW
3. Do your older brothers or sisters smoke cigarettes?
1[ ]YES
2[ ]NO
-7[ ]REFUSED
-8[ ]DON’T KNOW
4. Of your best friends who are male, how many of them smoke?
NUMBER |_|_|
[ ] NO MALE FRIENDS
-7[ ]REFUSED
-8[ ]DON’T KNOW
5. Of your best friends who are female, how many of them smoke?
NUMBER |_|_|
[ ] NO FEMALE FRIENDS
-7[ ]REFUSED
-8[ ]DON’T KNOW
Availability
Personnel and Training Required
None
Equipment Needs
None
Requirements
| Requirement Category | Required |
|---|---|
| Major equipment | No |
| Specialized training | No |
| Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection | No |
| Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual | No |
Mode of Administration
Self-administered or interviewer-administered questionnaire
Lifestage
Adolescent, Adult
Participants
Adolescents ages 12-17 and young adults ages 18-22.
Selection Rationale
The Pierce 5-item measure focuses on exposure to family and social network tobacco use and can be applied to teens and young adults. It is recommend by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Measures Guide on Youth Tobacco Use.
The Working Group recommends that these items can be applied to other tobacco use (e‑cigarette, hookah), although the measure has only been validated using cigarettes. Therefore, caution should be taken when applying it to other tobacco products.
It should also be noted that "best friend" networks have changed and the use of hookah, e‑cigarettes, and cigars are often done in bars or lounges with groups. For example, social media, technology, and social environments (like hookah lounges) may have changed how young people define "best friends." Although this has not been studied extensively, young people who consider their social media friends as best friends may indicate that they have large numbers of people in their best friend network, increasing the density of that network. Therefore, when asked the question, "How many of your best friends who are male smoke e-cigarettes?" they may be responding to this question based on social media friends. In addition, they may also be responding based on the friends that they meet with on a regular basis to smoke hookah in lounges.
Language
English
Standards
| Standard | Name | ID | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| caDSR Form | PhenX PX710901 - Peer And Family Influence On Smoking | 6237954 | caDSR Form |
Derived Variables
None
Process and Review
Not applicable.
Protocol Name from Source
The Pierce 5-item National Cancer Institute (NCI) measure for Youth Tobacco Research
Source
National Cancer Institute (NCI). (1998). NCI Measures Guide for Youth Tobacco
Research-Peer and Family Smoking. cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/tcrb/guide_measures.html
General References
Pierce, J. P., Choi, W. S., Gilpin, E. A., Farkas, A. J., & Berry, C. C. (1998).Tobacco industry promotion of cigarettes and adolescent smoking. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 511-515.
Pierce, J. P., Distefan, J. M., Jackson, C., White, M. M., &Gilpin, E. A. (2002). Does tobacco marketing undermine the influence of recommended parenting in discouraging adolescents from smoking? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23, 73-81.
Protocol ID
710901
Variables
Export Variables| Variable Name | Variable ID | Variable Description | dbGaP Mapping | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PX710901_Influence_Friends_Female_Smoke | ||||
| PX710901050000 | Of your best friends who are female, how more | N/A | ||
| PX710901_Influence_Friends_Male_Smoke | ||||
| PX710901040000 | Of your best friends who are male, how many more | N/A | ||
| PX710901_Influence_Have_Older_Siblings | ||||
| PX710901020000 | Do you have any older brothers or sisters? | N/A | ||
| PX710901_Influence_Older_Siblings_Smoke | ||||
| PX710901030000 | Do your older brothers or sisters smoke more | N/A | ||
| PX710901_Influence_Parents_Guardians_Smoke | ||||
| PX710901010000 | Do any of your parents, step-parents, or more | N/A | ||
Measure Name
Peer and Family Influence on Smoking
Release Date
February 20, 2015
Definition
This measure assesses the adolescent’s assessment of the use of cigarettes by parents and siblings and perception (not actual use) of the number of friends who use tobacco in their best-friend social network. This measure focuses on exposure of the adolescents to smoking in their immediate social networks.
Purpose
This specific index was developed to assess the smoking status of immediate family members and best friends.
Keywords
peer and family influence on smoking, peer influence, smoking influence, parental influence, smoking exposure
Measure Protocols
| Protocol ID | Protocol Name |
|---|---|
| 710901 | Peer and Family Influence on Smoking |
Publications
Garcia-Cazarin, M.L., Mandal, R.J., Grana, R., Wanke, K.L., Meissner, H. (2020) Host-agent-vector-environment measures for electronic cigarette research used in NIH grants. Tobacco Control. 2020 January; 29(1). doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054032