Protocol - Life Events - Child

Description

The Adverse Life Events Scale is a self- or proxy-administered, 25-item questionnaire that reports events experienced during the previous year over which the child had little or no control. The respondent reviews the list of items and indicates which events have occurred.

Specific Instructions

None

Availability

This protocol is freely available; permission not required for use.

Download PDF

Protocol

These questions are about certain things that may have happened to you over the last year. Please indicate whether each happened, and if so, whether it was a good or bad experience and how much it affected you.

1. Someone in family died

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

1.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

1.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

2.Family member was seriously injured

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

2.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

2.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

3. Saw crime/accident

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

3.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

3.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

4. Lost a close friend

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

4.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

4.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

5. Close friend was seriously sick/injured

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

5.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

5.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

6. Negative change in parent’s financial situation

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

6.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

6.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

7. Family member had drug/alcohol problem

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

7.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

7.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

8. Got seriously sick or injured

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

8.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

8.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

9. Parents argued more than previously

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

9.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

9.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

10. Mother/father figure lost job

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

10.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

10.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

11. One parent was away from home more often

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

11.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

11.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

12. Someone in the family was arrested

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

12.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

12.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

13. Close friend died

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

13.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

13.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

14. Family member had mental/emotional problem

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

14.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

14.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

15. Brother or sister left home

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

15.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

15.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

16. Being a victim of crime/violence/assault

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

16.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

16.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

17. Parents separated in last 12 months

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

17.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

17.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

18. Parents got into trouble with the law

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

18.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

18.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

19. Attended a new school

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

19.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

19.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

20. Family moved

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

20.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

20.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

21. Parents got divorced

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

21.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

21.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

22. One of the parents went to jail

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

22.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

22.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

23. Got new stepmother or stepfather

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

23.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

23.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

24. Parent got a new job

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

24.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

24.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

25. Got new brother or sister

[ ] Yes

[ ] No

If "Yes,"

25.1. Was this a good or bad experience?

[ ] Mostly good

[ ] Mostly bad

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

25.2. How much did the event affect you?

[ ] Not at all

[ ] A little

[ ] Some

[ ] A lot

[ ] Not applicable

[ ] Don’t know

Scoring

An event is considered "adverse" only when it is:

1. Mostly bad, and

2. One of the following: A little, Some, or A lot

Personnel and Training Required

No specific training is needed if data are collected through a self-administered questionnaire

Equipment Needs

These questions can be administered in a computerized or noncomputerized format (i.e., paper-and-pencil instrument). Computer software is necessary to develop computer-assisted self-interview (CASI) instruments, and a laptop computer or handheld computer will be needed to administer the questionnaire.

Requirements

Requirement Category	Required
Major equipment	No
Specialized training	No
Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection	No
Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual	No

Mode of Administration

Self- or proxy-administered questionnaire

Lifestage

Child, Adolescent

Participants

Children and adolescents, aged 9-17 years old

Selection Rationale

The Adverse Life Events Scale was selected because it is widely used and has documented validity and reliability. Scale scores have been associated with indicators of psychopathology and functional limitations.

Language

Chinese, English

Standards

Standard	Name	ID	Source
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC)	Life events child proto	63040-0	LOINC
caDSR Form	PhenX PX211501 - Life Events Child	6200349	caDSR Form

Derived Variables

None

Process and Review

The Expert Review Panel #2 (ERP 2) reviewed the measures in the Demographics, Environmental Exposures, and Social Environments domains.

Guidance from ERP 2 includes:

• Revised descriptions of the measure

Back-compatible: no changes to Data Dictionary

Previous version in Toolkit archive (link)

Protocol Name from Source

Adverse Life Events Scale

Source

Tiet, Q. Q., Bird, H. R., Davies, M., Hoven, C., Cohen, P., Jensen, P. S., & Goodman, S. (1998). Adverse life events and resilience. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(11), 1191-1200.

General References

Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Gipson, P. Y. (2004). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Measurement issues and prospective effects. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(2), 412-424.

Tiet, Q. Q., Bird, H. R., Hoven, C. W., Moore, R., Wu, P., Wicks, J., Jensen, P. S., Goodman, S., & Cohen, P. (2001). Relationship between specific adverse life events and psychiatric disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 153-164.

Protocol ID

211501

Variables

Export Variables

Variable Name	Variable ID	Variable Description	dbGaP Mapping
PX211501_Attended_New_School
	PX211501190000	Attended a new school	N/A
PX211501_Attended_New_School_Affect
	PX211501190200	Attended a new school If Yes, How much did more the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Attended_New_School_Experience
	PX211501190100	Attended a new school If Yes, Was this a more good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Close_Friend_Died
	PX211501130000	Close friend died	Variable Mapping
PX211501_Close_Friend_Died_Affect
	PX211501130200	Close friend died If Yes, How much did the more event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Close_Friend_Died_Experience
	PX211501130100	Close friend died If Yes, Was this a good or more bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Close_Friend_Sick_Injured
	PX211501050000	Close friend was seriously sick/injured	N/A
PX211501_Close_Friend_Sick_Injured_Affect
	PX211501050200	Close friend was seriously sick/injured If more Yes, How much did the event affect you? show less	Variable Mapping
PX211501_Close_Friend_Sick_Injured_Experience?
	PX211501050100	Close friend was seriously sick/injured If more Yes, Was this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Arrested
	PX211501120000	Someone in the family was arrested	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Arrested_Affect
	PX211501120200	Someone in the family was arrested If Yes, more How much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Arrested_Experience
	PX211501120100	Someone in the family was arrested If Yes, more Was this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Died
	PX211501010000	Someone in family died	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Died_Affect
	PX211501010200	Someone in family died If Yes, How much did more the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Died_Experience
	PX211501010100	Someone in family died If Yes, Was this a more good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Drug_Alcohol
	PX211501070000	Family member had drug/alcohol problem	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Drug_Alcohol_Affect
	PX211501070200	Family member had drug/alcohol problem If more Yes, How much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Drug_Alcohol_Experience
	PX211501070100	Family member had drug/alcohol problem If more Yes, Was this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Injured
	PX211501020000	Family member was seriously injured	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Injured_Affect
	PX211501020200	Family member was seriously injured If Yes, more How much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Injured_Experience?
	PX211501020100	Family member was seriously injured If Yes, more Was this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Mental/Emotional_Problem
	PX211501140000	Family member had mental/emotional problem	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Mental/Emotional_Problem_Affect
	PX211501140200	Family member had mental/emotional problem more If Yes, How much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Member_Mental/Emotional_Problem_Experience
	PX211501140100	Family member had mental/emotional problem more If Yes, Was this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Moved
	PX211501200000	Family moved	N/A
PX211501_Family_Moved_Affect
	PX211501200200	Family moved If Yes, How much did the event more affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Family_Moved_Experience
	PX211501200100	Family moved If Yes, Was this a good or bad more experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Lost_Close_Friend
	PX211501040000	Lost a close friend	N/A
PX211501_Lost_Close_Friend_Affect
	PX211501040200	Lost a close friend If Yes, How much did the more event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Lost_Close_Friend_Experience
	PX211501040100	Lost a close friend If Yes, Was this a good more or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Mother_Father_Lost_Job
	PX211501100000	Mother/father figure lost job	N/A
PX211501_Mother_Father_Lost_Job_Affect
	PX211501100200	Mother/father figure lost job If Yes, How more much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Mother_Father_Lost_Job_Experience
	PX211501100100	Mother/father figure lost job If Yes, Was more this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_New_Sibling
	PX211501250000	Got new brother or sister	N/A
PX211501_New_Sibling_Affect
	PX211501250200	Got new brother or sister If Yes, How much more did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_New_Sibling_Experience
	PX211501250100	Got new brother or sister If Yes, Was this a more good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_New_Stepparent
	PX211501230000	Got new stepmother or stepfather	N/A
PX211501_New_Stepparent_Affect
	PX211501230200	Got new stepmother or stepfather If Yes, How more much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_New_Stepparent_Experience
	PX211501230100	Got new stepmother or stepfather If Yes, Was more this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Argued
	PX211501090000	Parents argued more than previously	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Argued_Affect
	PX211501090200	Parents argued more than previously If Yes, more How much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Argued_Experience
	PX211501090100	Parents argued more than previously If Yes, more Was this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Divorced
	PX211501210000	Parents got divorced	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Divorced_Affect
	PX211501210200	Parents got divorced If Yes, How much did more the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Divorced_Experience
	PX211501210100	Parents got divorced If Yes, Was this a good more or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Financial_Situation
	PX211501060000	Negative change in parent's financial situation	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Financial_Situation_Affect
	PX211501060200	Negative change in parent's financial more situation If Yes, How much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Financial_Situation_Experience
	PX211501060100	Negative change in parent's financial more situation If Yes, Was this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Separated_Last_12Months
	PX211501170000	Parents separated in last 12 months	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Separated_Last_12Months_Affect
	PX211501170200	Parents separated in last 12 months If Yes, more How much did the event affect you show less	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Separated_Last_12Months_Experience
	PX211501170100	Parents separated in last 12 months If Yes, more Was this a good or bad experience show less	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Trouble_With_Law
	PX211501180000	Parents got into trouble with the law	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Trouble_With_Law_Affect
	PX211501180200	Parents got into trouble with the law If more Yes, How much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parents_Trouble_With_Law_Experience
	PX211501180100	Parents got into trouble with the law If more Yes, Was this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parent_Away_From_Home
	PX211501110000	One parent was away from home more often	N/A
PX211501_Parent_Away_From_Home_Affect
	PX211501110200	One parent was away from home more often If more Yes, How much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parent_Away_From_Home_Experience
	PX211501110100	One parent was away from home more often If more Yes, Was this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parent_Got_New_Job
	PX211501240000	Parent got a new job	N/A
PX211501_Parent_Got_New_Job_Affect
	PX211501240200	Parent got a new job If Yes, How much did more the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parent_Got_New_Job_Experience
	PX211501240100	Parent got a new job If Yes, Was this a good more or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parent_Went_To_Jail
	PX211501220000	One of the parents went to jail	N/A
PX211501_Parent_Went_To_Jail_Affect
	PX211501220200	One of the parents went to jail If Yes, How more much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Parent_Went_To_Jail_Experience
	PX211501220100	One of the parents went to jail If Yes, Was more this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Saw_Crime_Accident
	PX211501030000	Saw crime/accident	N/A
PX211501_Saw_Crime_Accident_Affect
	PX211501030200	Saw crime/accident If Yes, How much did the more event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Saw_Crime_Accident_Experience?
	PX211501030100	Saw crime/accident If Yes, Was this a good more or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Sibling_Left_Home
	PX211501150000	Brother or sister left home	N/A
PX211501_Sibling_Left_Home_Affect
	PX211501150200	Brother or sister left home If Yes, How much more did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Sibling_Left_Home_Experience
	PX211501150100	Brother or sister left home If Yes, Was this more a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Sick_Injured
	PX211501080000	Got seriously sick or injured	Variable Mapping
PX211501_Sick_Injured_Affect
	PX211501080200	Got seriously sick or injured If Yes, How more much did the event affect you? show less	Variable Mapping
PX211501_Sick_Injured_Experience
	PX211501080100	Got seriously sick or injured If Yes, Was more this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A
PX211501_Victim_Of_Crime/Violence/Assault
	PX211501160000	Being a victim of crime/violence/assault	N/A
PX211501_Victim_Of_Crime/Violence/Assault_Affect
	PX211501160200	Being a victim of crime/violence/assault If more Yes, How much did the event affect you? show less	N/A
PX211501_Victim_Of_Crime/Violence/Assault_Experience
	PX211501160100	Being a victim of crime/violence/assault If more Yes, Was this a good or bad experience? show less	N/A

Social Environments

Measure Name

Life Events

Release Date

October 8, 2010

Definition

This measure is a questionnaire to assess the respondent’s exposure to a broad range of life events.

Purpose

This measure allows researchers to examine the occurrence of traumatic life events and the respondent’s assessment of the physical and emotional responses to the events. Traumatic life events have been associated with many indicators of physical and emotional distress, including psychopathological symptoms and disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Keywords

Social environments, life events, stress, resilience, Adverse Life Events Scale, psychopathology, adjustment, risk factor, protective factor, resource factor, proprietary

Measure Protocols

Protocol ID	Protocol Name
211501	Life Events - Child
211502	Life Events - Adult

Mapping for PX211501_Close_Friend_Died

dbGAP Study	dbGAP Variable	dbGAP Variable Description
Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Cohort	phv00102351	WHO DIED - FRIEND
Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Cohort	phv00104608	WHO DIED - FRIEND
Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Cohort	phv00106691	WHO DIED - FRIEND
Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Cohort	phv00107660	WHO DIED - FRIEND

Mapping for PX211501_Close_Friend_Sick_Injured_Affect

dbGAP Study	dbGAP Variable	dbGAP Variable Description
OPPERA baseline case-control study of chronic TMJD	phv00223083	39. Impact: Serious illness or injury of close friend
OPPERA Prospective Cohort Study of First-Onset TMJD	phv00224162	39. Impact: Serious illness or injury of close friend

Mapping for PX211501_Sick_Injured

dbGAP Study	dbGAP Variable	dbGAP Variable Description
CARDIA Cohort	phv00112623	HAD MAJOR ILLNESS OR INJURY
CARDIA Cohort	phv00114248	HAD MAJOR ILLNESS OR INJURY. Q A

Mapping for PX211501_Sick_Injured_Affect

dbGAP Study	dbGAP Variable	dbGAP Variable Description
OPPERA baseline case-control study of chronic TMJD	phv00223079	35. Impact: Major personal illness or injury
OPPERA Prospective Cohort Study of First-Onset TMJD	phv00224158	35. Impact: Major personal illness or injury

Protocol - Life Events - Child

Related Protocols:

Essential Protocols:

Description

Specific Instructions

Availability

Protocol

Personnel and Training Required

Equipment Needs

Requirements

Mode of Administration

Lifestage

Participants

Selection Rationale

Language

Standards

Derived Variables

Process and Review

Protocol Name from Source

Source

General References

Protocol ID

Variables

Measure Name

Release Date

Definition

Purpose

Keywords

Measure Protocols