Protocol - Physical Activity - Neighborhood Environment
Description
PANES is a 17-item, self-administered questionnaire that assesses environmental factors in physical activity participation, such as neighborhood safety, aesthetic qualities, neighborhood infrastructure, and access to destinations. Each question is rated on a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree). Higher scores indicate higher neighborhood walkability.
Specific Instructions
None
Availability
Protocol
Think about the different facilities in and around your neighborhood. By this we mean the area ALL around your home that you could walk to in 10-15 minutes.
- What is the main type of housing in your neighborhood?
[ ] 1 Detached single-family housing
[ ] 2 Townhouses, row houses, apartments, or condos of 2-3 stories
[ ] 3 Mix of single-family residences and townhouses, row houses, apartments or condos
[ ] 4 Apartments or condos of 4-12 stories
[ ] 5 Apartments or condos of more than 12 stories
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- Many shops, stores, markets or other places to buy things I need are within easy walking distance of my home. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- It is within a 10-15 minute walk to a transit stop (such as bus, train, trolley, or tram) from my home. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- There are sidewalks on most of the streets in my neighborhood. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 88 Does not apply to my neighborhood
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- There are facilities to bicycle in or near my neighborhood, such as special lanes, separate paths or trails, shared use paths for cycles and pedestrians. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 88 Does not apply to my neighborhood
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- My neighborhood has several free or low cost recreation facilities, such as parks, walking trails, bike paths, recreation centers, playgrounds, public swimming pools, etc. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- The crime rate in my neighborhood makes it unsafe to go on walks at night. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- There is so much traffic on the streets that it makes it difficult or unpleasant to walk in my neighborhood. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 88 There are no streets or roads in my neighborhood
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- I see many people being physically active in my neighborhood doing things like walking, jogging, cycling, or playing sports and active games. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- There are many interesting things to look at while walking in my neighborhood. Would you say you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- How many motor vehicles in working order (e.g., cars, trucks, motorcycles) are there at your household?
____ Motor Vehicles
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- There are many four-way intersections in my neighborhood. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 88 There are no streets or roads in my neighborhood
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- The sidewalks in my neighborhood are well maintained (paved, with few cracks) and not obstructed. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- Places for bicycling (such as bike paths) in and around my neighborhood are well maintained and not obstructed. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- There is so much traffic on the streets that it makes it difficult or unpleasant to ride a bicycle in my neighborhood. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- The crime rate in my neighborhood makes it unsafe to go on walks during the day. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
- There are many places to go within easy walking distance of my home. Would you say that you…
[ ] 1 Strongly disagree
[ ] 2 Somewhat disagree
[ ] 3 Somewhat agree
[ ] 4 Strongly agree
[ ] 77 Don’t know/Not sure
Scoring Instructions
With the full scale, you can create a more extensive summary score for activity-friendliness.
a. Group responses 4 and 5 for item 1.
b. Reverse score items 1, 7, 8, 15 and 16.
c. Take a mean of items 1 through 17 (excluding item 11). This new overall PANES score should have a range of 1 to 4, with higher values indicating greater environmental support for physical activity. PANES subscales can also be created using the item grouping approach outlined below and in Sallis et al. 2010.
The items can be categorized into different constructs in case researchers want to look at the constructs separately:
Residential Density: item 1 (typically dichotomized as single family = 0 and all other = 1)
Land Use Mix: items 2 and 17
Transit Access: item 3
Pedestrian Infrastructure: items 4 and 13
Bicycling Infrastructure: items 5 and 14
Recreation Facilities: item 6
Street Connectivity: item 12
Crime Safety: items 7rev and 16rev
Traffic Safety: items 8rev and 15rev
Pedestrian Safety: item 9
Aesthetics: item 10
Item 11 (vehicles in household) is often used as a covariate in analyses
Personnel and Training Required
None
Equipment Needs
None
Requirements
| Requirement Category | Required |
|---|---|
| Major equipment | No |
| Specialized training | No |
| Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection | No |
| Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual | No |
Mode of Administration
Self-administered questionnaire
Lifestage
Adult, Senior
Participants
Adults aged 18 and older
Selection Rationale
The PANES questionnaire is brief and easy to administer. It has been validated in multiple populations and for mail and telephone administration.
Language
English, Spanish, Other languages available at source
Standards
| Standard | Name | ID | Source |
|---|
Derived Variables
None
Process and Review
Not Applicable
Protocol Name from Source
Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Survey (PANES)
Source
Oyeyemi, A. L., Adegoke, B. O. A., Oyeyemi, A. Y., & Fatudimu, B. M. (2008). Test-retest reliability of IPAQ environmental- module in an African population. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(38). https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-5-38
Sallis, J. F., Kerr, J., Carlson, J. A., Norman, G. J., Saelens, B. E., Durant, N., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2010). Evaluating a brief self-report measure of neighborhood environments for physical activity research and surveillance: Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale (PANES). Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7(4), 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.4.533
General References
Alexander, A., Bergman, P., Hagströmer, M., & Sjöström, M. (2006). IPAQ Environmental Module; reliability testing. Journal of Public Health, 14, 76-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-005-0016-2
Diez Roux, A. V., & Mair, C. (2010). Neighborhoods and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x
Frehlich, L., Blackstaffe, A., & McCormack, G. R. (2020). Test–retest reliability and construct validity of an online and paper administered Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale (PANES). Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 24(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2019.1641099
Sallis, J. F., Bowles, H. R., Bauman, A., Ainsworth, B. E., Bull, F. C., Craig, C. L., . . . Bergman, P. (2009). Neighborhood environments and physical activity among adults in 11 countries. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(6), 484-490. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.031
Spittaels, H., Foster, C., Oppert, J. M., Rutter, H., Oja, P., Sjöström, M., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2009). Assessment of environmental correlates of physical activity: development of a European questionnaire. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6, 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-6-39
Protocol ID
291201
Variables
Export Variables| Variable Name | Variable ID | Variable Description | dbGaP Mapping | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Bicycle_Facility_Near | ||||
| PX291201050000 | There are facilities to bicycle in or near more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Bicycling_Well_Maintained | ||||
| PX291201140000 | Places for bicycling (such as bike paths) in more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Crime_Rate_Unsafe_Walk_Day | ||||
| PX291201160000 | The crime rate in my neighborhood makes it more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Crime_Rate_Unsafe_Walk_Night | ||||
| PX291201070000 | The crime rate in my neighborhood makes it more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Main_Type_Housing | ||||
| PX291201010000 | What is the main type of housing in your more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Many_Four_Way_Intersection | ||||
| PX291201120000 | There are many four-way intersections in my more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Many_Interesting_Thing | ||||
| PX291201100000 | There are many interesting things to look at more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Many_Place_Easy_Walk_Distance | ||||
| PX291201170000 | There are many places to go within easy more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Number_Motor_Vehicle_Working | ||||
| PX291201110100 | How many motor vehicles in working order more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Number_Motor_Vehicle_Working_Unsure | ||||
| PX291201110200 | How many motor vehicles in working order more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_People_Active | ||||
| PX291201090000 | I see many people being physically active in more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Several_Free_Recreation_Facility | ||||
| PX291201060000 | My neighborhood has several free or low cost more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Shop_Easy_Walk_Distance | ||||
| PX291201020000 | Many shops, stores, markets or other places more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Sidewalk_Most_Streeet | ||||
| PX291201040000 | There are sidewalks on most of the streets more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Sidewalk_Well_Maintained | ||||
| PX291201130000 | The sidewalks in my neighborhood are well more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Traffic_Street_Difficult_Bicycle | ||||
| PX291201150000 | There is so much traffic on the streets that more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Traffic_Street_Difficult_Walk | ||||
| PX291201080000 | There is so much traffic on the streets that more | N/A | ||
| PX291201_Physical_Activity_Neighborhood_Environment_Transit_Stop_10_15_Minutes | ||||
| PX291201030000 | It is within a 10-15 minute walk to a more | N/A | ||
Measure Name
Physical Activity - Neighborhood Environment
Release Date
December 14, 2022
Definition
This is a measure of neighborhood characteristics that influence physical activity.
Purpose
Walkability has been associated with increased walking behavior and physical activity, and is a protective factor for chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, and depression. It has been found to have associations with cognitive functioning.
Keywords
Walking, walking behavior, obesity, diabetes, depression, cognitive functioning, physical activity, neighborhood, environment, neighborhood built environment
Measure Protocols
| Protocol ID | Protocol Name |
|---|---|
| 291201 | Physical Activity - Neighborhood Environment |
Publications
Zhang, A. M. Y., et al. (2024) Loneliness and Crowded Living Predicted Poor Health in a Sample of Cancer Patients During COVID-19 Pandemic. Clinical Nursing Research. 2024 June; 33(5): 370-383. doi: 10.1177/10547738241252889
Burnett-Bowie, S. A. M., et al. (2024) The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Task Force on clinical algorithms for fracture risk report. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2024 May; 39(5): 517-530. doi: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae048
Bartholomew, T. S., et al. (2024) Project CHARIOT: study protocol for a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation study of comprehensive tele-harm reduction for engagement of people who inject drugs in HIV prevention services Addiction Science & Clinical Practice. 2024 March; 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s13722-024-00447-9