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Protocol - Blood Pressure (Adult/Primary)

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Description

A measure to assess a respondents systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which is used to determine high blood pressure (hypertension). Assessment must also include measures for personal history of high blood pressure and a history of medication usage.

Specific Instructions

Ask questions "1" and "2," and then proceed to the protocol for obtaining blood pressure. The use of high blood pressure medications must be obtained.

The Sickle Cell Disease Curative Therapies Working Group notes that definitions of blood pressure categories (normal, elevated, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension) for children are included in table 3 of Flynn et al., 2017 (see General References).

Availability

Available

Protocol

1. Has a doctor or nurse ever said that you have:

High blood pressure or hypertension?

[ ] 1 No

[ ] 2 Yes

[ ] 8 Not Sure

If Yes:

At what age were you first told this? __ __

FOR WOMEN: Was this during pregnancy only?

[ ] 1 No

[ ] 2 Yes

2. Have you ever taken medication for hypertension/high blood pressure?

[ ] 0 no

[ ] 1 yes, now

[ ] 2 yes, not now

[ ] 9 unknown

If yes, then…

At what age did you begin taking medicine for this? __ __

[ ] 99 unknown

3. BLOOD PRESSURE METHODS

This protocol, which was taken from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, is written for use with the Omron® HEM907XL automated BP monitor. Special attention must be placed on assessment and maintenance of the instruments accuracy as per the manual that accompanies the instrument.

The design and operation of the Omron® HEM907XL are based upon the combined principles of compression of the brachial artery under an elastic, inflatable cuff and estimation of the systolic and diastolic BP levels by oscillimetric methods. The technician should place the correct size cuff on the participants arm, set the machine to automatic, set the mode button to single, and push the start button on the monitor, then wait for the output. All readings are to be recorded to the nearest digit.

3.1. Measurement Equipment

The following equipment will be required for BP and pulse measurement:

a. One Omron® HEM907XL automated BP monitor.

b. BP cuffs in four sizes: S, M, L, XL

c. One standard clinical mercury sphygmomanometer*

d. One clinical thigh cuff*

e. One Gulick II tape (or Gulick II Plus)

f. A chair with arm support for BP measurement, or a chair and table (table must provide for a comfortable resting posture of the arm with the cubital fossa at the level of the 4th intercostal space at heart level)

g. Form for recording BP and pulse

h. One black pen (marking on skin) and one No. 2 pencil (completing the form)

* used for arms >50 cm in circumference

3.2. Cuff Size Determination

The proper cuff size must be used to avoid under- or over-estimation of BP. Cuff size refers to the cuffs bladder, not the cloth. A copy of the chart below should be attached to the sphygmomanometer for easy reference. In addition, the cuffs must be HEM907 XL-compatible.

a. Cuff Size Indicated by Measured Arm Circumference

Cuff Size Indicated by Measured Arm Circumference

b. Measurement of arm circumference. The participant should remove his/her upper garment, or clear the upper arm area so that an unencumbered measurement may be made. The technician should:

i. Have the participant stand, with the right arm hanging and bending the elbow so that the forearm is horizontal (parallel) to the floor.

ii. Measure arm length from the acromion (bony protuberance at the shoulder) to the olecranon (tip of the elbow), using the Gulick II anthropometric tape.

iii. Mark the midpoint on the dorsal surface of the arm.

iv. Have the participant relax arm along side of the body.

v. Draw the tape snugly around the arm at the midpoint mark.

NOTE: Tape should be horizontal and should not indent the skin.

vi. Noting the arm circumference indicated by the tape, use the criteria above for determining cuff size.

3.3. Wrapping the Blood Pressure Cuff Around the Arm

The technician should:

a. Ensure the participant is seated, legs uncrossed, in a quiet room, with the elbow and forearm resting comfortably on the armrest of the BP measurement chair (or table), with the palm of the hand turned upward. The area to which the cuff is to be applied must be bare (free of clothing).

b. Locate the brachial artery by palpation and mark the skin with a small dot, using a black pen. (The brachial artery is usually found just medial and superior to the cubital fossa, posterior to the biceps muscle and slightly toward the body.) For brachial artery palpation, fingertips or thumb may be used (see figure below).

c. Place the appropriate cuff around the upper right arm so that:

i. The midpoint of the length of the bladder lies over the brachial artery.

ii. The cubital fossa is at heart level.

NOTE: The midpoint of the length of the bladder should be confirmed by folding the bladder in two. The marking on the cuff should not be trusted.

d. Place the lower edge of the cuff, with its tubing connections, about 1 inch above the natural crease across the inner aspect of the elbow (the cubital fossa).

e. Wrap the cuff snugly about the arm, with the palm of the participants hand turned upward, making sure the long edges of the cuff lie on top of each other as the cuff is wrapped around.

f. Secure the wrapped cuff firmly by applying pressure to the locking fabric fastener over the area where it is applied to the cuff.

NOTE: The cuff should not be wrapped too tightly around the arm.

NOTE: If a thigh cuff is needed, the standard mercury sphygmomanometer is used to measure the BP systolic and diastolic pressures at the disappearance of Korotkoff sounds.

3.4. Setting the Mode and P-Set

The technician should:

a. Check that the AC adaptor is attached to the monitor and plug into electrical outlet.

b. Turn the ON/OFF button to ON.

c. Set the MODE selector to SINGLE.

d. Set the P-SET (inflation level) knob to AUTO.

e. Connect the air:

i. For cuff sizes small, medium and large, connect the air tube to the main unit by attaching the air plug to the base of the air connector.

ii. The extra large cuff has an air plug already connected. Attach this to the base of the monitor at the air connector.

3.5. Taking the First Blood Pressure Measurement

The technician should:

a. Have the participant sit quietly for a period of five minutes before the first BP is taken.

b. Push the START button on the monitor and wait for the output.

c. Record the systolic and diastolic BPs.

3.6. Taking the Second and Third Blood Pressure Measurements

The technician should:

a. Hold the participants arm vertical (without fist-clenching) for a full five seconds between each measurement

b. Wait 25 to 30 seconds between each measurement.

c. Repeat the steps described above to obtain the second and third BPs.

d. Record the systolic and diastolic BP.

Note: Omron® IntelliSense™ Blood Pressure Monitor Model HEM907XL is a registered trademark of OMRON Corporation

Diagnostic Criteria:

Hypertension in adults aged 18 years and older is defined by recorded blood pressures at or above an average of 140 mmHg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic on two or more seated blood pressures, measured properly with well maintained equipment, at two or more visits to the office or clinic, or the prescription of one or more antihypertensive drugs for the purpose of blood pressure control. A diagnosis of prehypertension may also be used for similarly measured blood pressures with systolic pressures 120-139 mmHg or diastolic pressures of 80-89 mmHg when antihypertensive treatments are not taken.

This chart provides current diagnostic criteria as of August 2009.

Systolic Diastolic
Normal <120 mm Hg <80 mm Hg
Prehypertension 120-139 mm Hg <80 mm Hg
Hypertension Stage 1 130-139 mm Hg 80-89 mm Hg
Hypertension Stage 2 >140 mm Hg >90 mm Hg

Personnel and Training Required

Trained and certified technicians to take blood pressures.

Equipment Needs

One Omron® HEM907XL automated blood pressure (BP) monitor, BP cuffs in four sizes: S, M, L, XL; one standard clinical mercury sphygmomanometer*; one clinical thigh cuff*; one Gulick II tape (or Gulick II Plus); a chair with arm support for BP measurement, or a chair and table (table must provide for a comfortable resting posture of the arm with the cubital fossa at the level of the 4th intercostal space at heart level).

*Used for arms >50 cm in circumference

Researchers should ensure that the equipment they use has been validated and that they follow the manufacturers guidelines for administration and calibration. The three most widely used validation protocols are the British Hypertension Society (BHS) Protocol; the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) Standard; and, more recently, the International Protocol of the European Society of Hypertension (IP).

Note: Manufacturers of blood pressure equipment frequently make improvements and update both their equipment and software with the latest technological advances. The recommended equipment for this protocol in PhenX is current as of July 2009. Please refer to the specifications for your model number to ensure the level of information collected is compatible with the PhenX protocol.

Requirements
Requirement CategoryRequired
Major equipment No
Specialized training Yes
Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection No
Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual No
Mode of Administration

Interviewer-administered question, Clinical measurement

Lifestage

Adult

Participants

Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study: ≥18 years old

Framingham Heart Study (FHS): ages 19–79 years old

Note: The Working Group suggests that the same methodology be used for men and women of any age.

Selection Rationale

The first two protocols were selected because together they obtain a personal history of high blood pressure or hypertension as well as medication usage. These two pieces are a vital component in interpreting the results of a blood pressure measurement. Additionally, both protocols were used on a major U.S. health study. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study protocol for measuring blood pressure was selected because of its use of the Omron® machine, which is the latest technology for measuring blood pressure. Conducting a blood pressure measurement provides additional study specificity.

Language

Chinese, English, Other languages available at source

Standards
StandardNameIDSource
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Blood pressure proto 62392-6 LOINC
Human Phenotype Ontology Abnormal systemic blood pressure HP:0030972 HPO
caDSR Form PhenX PX040301 - Blood Pressure Adult Primary 5822494 caDSR Form
Derived Variables

None

Process and Review

Not applicable.

Protocol Name from Source

Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), Y20 CARDIA VII & Framingham Heart Study (FHS), Generation 3

Source

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Y20 CARDIA VII. Medical History Form. Page 1. Question 1 (source for question 1).

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and Boston University. Framingham Heart Study (FHS). Generation 3. Exam 1. Medical History—Medications. Page 23. No question number provided (source for question 2).

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Year 20 (2005–2006) Manual of Operations. Section 3—Blood Pressure and Pulse (source for question 3).

Reboussin, D. M., Allen, N. B., Griswold, M. E., Guallar, E., Hong, Y., Lackland, D. T., Miller, E., 3rd, Polonsky, T., Thompson-Paul, A. M., & Vupputuri, S. (2018). Systematic Review for the 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 138(17), e595-e616.
General References

Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. American National Standard. Manual, electronic or automated sphygmomanometers ANSI/AAMI SP10-2002/A1. 3330 Washington Boulevard, Suite 400, Arlington, VA 22201-4598, USA: AAMI; 2003.

Flynn, J. T., Kaelber, D. C., Baker-Smith, C. M., Blowey, D., Carroll, A. E., Daniels, S. R., de Ferranti, S. D., Dionne, J. M., Falkner, B., Flinn, S. K., Gidding, S. S., Goodwin, C., Leu, M. G., Powers, M. E., Rea, C., Samuels, J., Simasek, M., Thaker, V. V., Urbina, E. M., & SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDREN (2017). Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(3), e20171904

OBrien, E., Petrie, J., Littler, W. A., de Swiet, M., Padfield, P. L., Altman, D., Bland, M., Coats, A., & Atkins, N. (1993). The British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices. Journal of Hypertension, 11(2), S43–S62.

OBrien, E., Pickering, T., Asmar, R., Myers, M., Parati, G., Staessen, J., Mengden, T., Imai, Y., Waeber, B., Palatini, P., Atkins, N., & Gerin, W.; the Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring of the European Society of Hypertension. (2002). International protocol for validation of blood pressure measuring devices in adults. Blood Pressure Monitoring, 7, 3–17. Retrieved on July 21, 2009, from http://www.dableducational.org/pdfs/International%20Protocol%202002.pdf

Protocol ID

40301

Variables
Export Variables
Variable Name Variable IDVariable DescriptiondbGaP Mapping
PX040301_Age_Have_High_Blood_Pressure
PX040301010200 At what age were you first told this? Variable Mapping
PX040301_Age_Take_HBP_Medication
PX040301020200 At what age did you begin taking medicine more
for this? show less
N/A
PX040301_Age_Take_HBP_Medication_Coded
PX040301020201 At what age did you begin taking medicine more
for this? show less
N/A
PX040301_Blood_Pressure_Measurement_Date
PX040301030900 Date of measurement of blood pressure. N/A
PX040301_Cuff_Size
PX040301030200 Blood pressure measurement, cuff size. Variable Mapping
PX040301_Diastolic_Blood_Pressure_1
PX040301030400 Diastolic Pressure measurement 1 (mm Hg). Variable Mapping
PX040301_Diastolic_Blood_Pressure_2
PX040301030600 Diastolic Pressure measurement 2 (mm Hg). N/A
PX040301_Diastolic_Blood_Pressure_3
PX040301030800 Diastolic Pressure measurement 3 (mm Hg). N/A
PX040301_Ever_Have_High_Blood_Pressure
PX040301010100 Has a doctor or nurse ever said that you more
have high blood pressure or hypertension? show less
Variable Mapping
PX040301_Ever_Take_HBP_Medication
PX040301020100 Have you ever taken medication for more
hypertension/high blood pressure? show less
Variable Mapping
PX040301_HBP_During_Pregnancy_Only
PX040301010300 Was this during pregnancy only? N/A
PX040301_Sphygmomanometer
PX040301030100 Blood pressure measurement, sphygmomanometer more
name and model. show less
N/A
PX040301_Systolic_Blood_Pressure_1
PX040301030300 Systolic Pressure measurement 1 (mm Hg). Variable Mapping
PX040301_Systolic_Blood_Pressure_2
PX040301030500 Systolic Pressure measurement 2 (mm Hg). N/A
PX040301_Systolic_Blood_Pressure_3
PX040301030700 Systolic Pressure measurement 3 (mm Hg). N/A
Cardiovascular
Measure Name

Blood Pressure (Adult/Primary)

Release Date

September 9, 2009

Definition

Measure to assess respondent's blood pressure.

Purpose

Blood pressure is used to assess the risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and kidney failure.

Keywords

Blood pressure, BP, hypertension, systolic, diastolic, personal history, metabolic syndrome, Cardiovascular, Heart attack, stroke, heart failure, kidney failure, hypertension, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, CARDIA, Framingham Heart Study, FHS, British Hypertension Society, BHS, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, AAMI, International Protocol of the European Society of Hypertension

Measure Protocols
Protocol ID Protocol Name
40301 Blood Pressure (Adult/Primary)
Publications

Reed, D. M., et al. (2023) Eye Dynamics and Engineering Network Consortium: Baseline Characteristics of a Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults. Ophthalmol Glaucoma. 2023 March; 6(2): 215-223. doi: 10.1016/j.ogla.2022.09.001

Ross, J. M., et al. (2022) The effects of cannabis use on physical health: A co-twin control study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2022 January; 230: 109200. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109200

Lv, N., et al. (2020) The ENGAGE-2 study: Engaging self-regulation targets to understand the mechanisms of behavior change and improve mood and weight outcomes in a randomized controlled trial (Phase 2). Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2020 August; 95(Aug:106072). doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106072

Lee, S., et al. (2018) Peer Group and Text Message-Based Weight-Loss and Management Intervention for African American Women. West J Nurs Res. 2018 August; 40(8): 1203-1219. doi: 10.1177/0193945917697225

Juan, J., et al. (2017) Joint Effects of PON1 Polymorphisms and Vegetable Intake on Ischemic Stroke: A Family-Based Case Control Study. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 December; 18(12): E2652. doi: 10.3390/ijms18122652

Rosas, L. G., et al. (2016) Evaluation of a culturally-adapted lifestyle intervention to treat elevated cardiometabolic risk of Latino adults in primary care (Vida Sana): A randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2016 May; 48: 30-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.03.003

Ma, J., et al. (2016) Pilot randomised trial of a healthy eating behavioural intervention in uncontrolled asthma. Eur Respir J. 2016 January; 47(1): 122-32. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00591-2015