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Protocol - Psychopathy - Adult

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Description

The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) is a 58-item, self-report questionnaire designed to measure psychopathy in terms of three distinct phenotypic constructs (Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009): boldness, defined as the nexus of high dominance, low anxiousness, and venturesomeness; meanness, reflecting tendencies toward callousness, cruelty, predatory aggression, and excitement seeking; and disinhibition, reflecting tendencies toward impulsiveness, irresponsibility, oppositionality, and anger/hostility. Each construct is measured by a separate subscale. Subscale scores are summed to yield a total psychopathy score.

Specific Instructions

In the "Protocol" text below, a bracketed [F] appears following some items to indicate that the item is reverse-scored. Instances of [F] should be deleted from the protocol for purposes of administration. A manual for a description of the psychopathy elements and instructions can be found in the Psychiatric Working Group supplemental information: [silink[120000">Triarchic Manual

Availability

Available

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Protocol

Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM):

Instructions:

This questionnaire contains statements that different people might use to describe themselves. Each statement is followed by four options:

[ ] True [ ] Somewhat true [ ] Somewhat false [ ] False

For each statement, mark an "X" next to the option that describes you best. There are no right or wrong answers; just choose the option that best describes you.

1. I’m optimistic more often than not.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

2. How other people feel is important to me. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

3. I often act on immediate needs.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

4. I have no strong desire to parachute out of an airplane. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

5. I’ve often missed things I promised to attend.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

6. I would enjoy being in a high-speed chase.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

7. I am well-equipped to deal with stress.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

8. I don’t mind if someone I dislike gets hurt.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

9. My impulsive decisions have caused problems with loved ones.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

10. I get scared easily. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

11. I sympathize with others’ problems. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

12. I have missed work without bothering to call in.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

13. I’m a born leader.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

14. I enjoy a good physical fight.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

15. I jump into things without thinking.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

16. I have a hard time making things turn out the way I want. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

17. I return insults.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

18. I’ve gotten in trouble because I missed too much school.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

19. I have a knack for influencing people.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

20. It doesn’t bother me to see someone else in pain.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

21. I have good control over myself. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

22. I function well in new situations, even when unprepared.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

23. I enjoy pushing people around sometimes.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

24. I have taken money from someone’s purse or wallet without asking.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

25. I don’t think of myself as talented. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

26. I taunt people just to stir things up.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

27. People often abuse my trust.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

28. I’m afraid of far fewer things than most people.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

29. I don’t see any point in worrying if what I do hurts someone else.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

30. I keep appointments I make. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

31. I often get bored quickly and lose interest.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

32. I can get over things that would traumatize others.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

33. I am sensitive to the feelings of others. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

34. I have conned people to get money from them.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

35. It worries me to go into an unfamiliar situation without knowing all the details. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

36. I don’t have much sympathy for people.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

37. I get in trouble for not considering the consequences of my actions.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

38. I can convince people to do what I want.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

39. For me, honesty really is the best policy. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

40. I’ve injured people to see them in pain.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

41. I don’t like to take the lead in groups. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

42. I sometimes insult people on purpose to get a reaction from them.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

43. I have taken items from a store without paying for them.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

44. It’s easy to embarrass me. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

45. Things are more fun if a little danger is involved.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

46. I have a hard time waiting patiently for things I want.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

47. I stay away from physical danger as much as I can. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

48. I don’t care much if what I do hurts others.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

49. I have lost a friend because of irresponsible things I’ve done.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

50. I don’t stack up well against most others. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

51. Others have told me they are concerned about my lack of self-control.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

52. It’s easy for me to relate to other people’s emotions. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

53. I have robbed someone.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

54. I never worry about making a fool of myself with others.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

55. It doesn’t bother me when people around me are hurting.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

56. I have had problems at work because I was irresponsible.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

57. I’m not very good at influencing people. [F]

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

58. I have stolen something out of a vehicle.

[ ] True

[ ] Somewhat true

[ ] Somewhat false

[ ] False

Scoring

Step 1: Coding Responses

For items followed by [F]-i.e., items 2, 4, 10, 11, 16, 21, 25, 30, 33, 35, 39, 41, 44, 47, 50, 52, 57-code responses as follows: True = 0; Somewhat true = 1; Somewhat false = 2; False = 3.

Code responses for all other items as follows: True = 3; Somewhat true = 2; Somewhat false = 1; False = 0.

Step 2: Computing Scale Scores and Total Scores

Boldness subscale (19 items)-Sum coded responses for the following items:

1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 54, 57

Meanness subscale (19 items)-Sum coded responses for the following items:

2, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42, 45, 48, 52, 55

Disinhibition subscale (20 items)-Sum coded responses for the following items:

3, 5, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 31, 34, 37, 43, 46, 49, 51, 53, 56, 58

Total Psychopathy score-Sum scores across the three subscales.

Personnel and Training Required

None

Equipment Needs

None

Requirements
Requirement CategoryRequired
Major equipment No
Specialized training No
Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection No
Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual No
Mode of Administration

Self- or proxy-administered questionnaire

Lifestage

Adult

Participants

Adults, ages 18 years and older

Selection Rationale

The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) was selected because it is a validated, brief, self-report instrument consisting of readable items with strong psychometric properties that index distinct phenotypic facets of psychopathy with low burden for investigators and respondents. In particular, TRiPM was preferred over other nonproprietary psychopathy protocols because it specifically assesses the boldness facet of psychopathy.

Language

Chinese, English, Other languages available at source

Standards
StandardNameIDSource
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Psychopathy proto 62753-9 LOINC
Human Phenotype Ontology Impairment in personality functioning HP:0031466 HPO
caDSR Form PhenX PX121601 - Psychopathy 6165646 caDSR Form
Derived Variables

None

Process and Review

Expert Review Panel 4 (ERP 4) reviewed the measures in the Neurology, Psychiatric, and Psychosocial domains.

Guidance from ERP 4 included the following:

· Revised description of measure

Protocol Name from Source

Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM)

Source

Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., & Kramer, M. (2007). Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 645-666.

Patrick, C. J. (2010). Operationalizing the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Preliminary description of brief scales for assessment of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. Unpublished manual, Department of Psychology, Florida State University.

General References

Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., & Krueger, R. F. (2003). Factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory: Validity and implications for clinical assessment. Psychological Assessment, 15, 340-350.

Blagov, P. S., Patrick, C. J., Oost, K. M., & Goodman, J. A. (2016). Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: Validity in relation to normal traits, personality pathology, psychological adjustment, and autobiographical recall. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30, 71-81.

Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (2nd ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.

Drislane, L. E., Patrick, C. J., & Arsal, G. (2014). Clarifying the content coverage of differing psychopathy inventories through reference to the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 350-362.

Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 488-524.

Patrick, C. J. (2006). Handbook of psychopathy. New York: Guilford Press.

Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 913-938.

Sellbom, M., & Phillips, T. R. (2013). An examination of the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy in incarcerated and non-incarcerated samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 208-214.

Stanley, J. H., Wygant, D. B., & Sellbom, M. (2013). Elaborating of the construct validity of the triarchic psychopathy measure in a criminal offender sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 343-350.

Protocol ID

121601

Variables
Export Variables
Variable Name Variable IDVariable DescriptiondbGaP Mapping
PX121601_Abuse_Trust
PX121601270000 People often abuse my trust. N/A
PX121601_Actions_Lost_Friends
PX121601490000 I have lost a friend because of more
irresponsible things I've done. show less
N/A
PX121601_Act_On_Immediate_Needs
PX121601030000 I often act on immediate needs. N/A
PX121601_Avoid_Physical_Danger
PX121601470000 I stay away from physical danger as much as I can. N/A
PX121601_Bore_Quickly
PX121601310000 I often get bored quickly and lose interest. N/A
PX121601_Born_Leader
PX121601130000 I'm a born leader. N/A
PX121601_Conned_People_For_Money
PX121601340000 I have conned people to get money from them. Variable Mapping
PX121601_Convince_Others
PX121601380000 I can convince people to do what I want. N/A
PX121601_Deal_With_Stress
PX121601070000 I am well-equipped to deal with stress. N/A
PX121601_Dont_Like_Lead_Groups
PX121601410000 I don't like to take the lead in groups. N/A
PX121601_Dont_Mind_Hurting_Others
PX121601480000 I don't care much if what I do hurts others. N/A
PX121601_Easily_Embarrassed
PX121601440000 It's easy to embarrass me. N/A
PX121601_Easily_Scared
PX121601100000 I get scared easily. N/A
PX121601_Enjoy_Danger
PX121601450000 Things are more fun if a little danger is more
involved. show less
N/A
PX121601_Enjoy_Physical_Fight
PX121601140000 I enjoy a good physical fight. N/A
PX121601_Enjoy_Pushing_Others_Around
PX121601230000 I enjoy pushing people around sometimes. N/A
PX121601_Good_Self_Control
PX121601210000 I have good control over myself. N/A
PX121601_Hard_To_Wait
PX121601460000 I have a hard time waiting patiently for more
things I want. show less
N/A
PX121601_High_Speed_Chase
PX121601060000 I would enjoy being in a high-speed chase. N/A
PX121601_Honesty_Best_Policy
PX121601390000 For me, honesty really is the best policy. N/A
PX121601_Impulsive_Decisions
PX121601090000 My impulsive decisions have caused problems more
with loved ones. show less
N/A
PX121601_Influence_People
PX121601190000 I have a knack for influencing people. N/A
PX121601_Injured_To_See_Pain
PX121601400000 I've injured people to see them in pain. N/A
PX121601_Insult_To_Get_Reaction
PX121601420000 I sometimes insult people on purpose to get more
a reaction from them. show less
N/A
PX121601_Jump_Without_Thinking
PX121601150000 I jump into things without thinking. N/A
PX121601_Keep_Appointments
PX121601300000 I keep appointments I make. N/A
PX121601_Less_Fear_Than_Others
PX121601280000 I'm afraid of far fewer things than most people. N/A
PX121601_Missed_Events
PX121601050000 I've often missed things I promised to attend. N/A
PX121601_Missed_Too_Much_School
PX121601180000 I've gotten in trouble because I missed too more
much school. show less
N/A
PX121601_Missed_Work_Without_Calling
PX121601120000 I have missed work without bothering to call in. N/A
PX121601_New_Situations
PX121601220000 I function well in new situations, even when more
unprepared. show less
N/A
PX121601_Not_Bothered_By_People_Hurting
PX121601550000 It doesn't bother me when people around me more
are hurting. show less
N/A
PX121601_Not_Good_At_Influencing_Others
PX121601570000 I'm not very good at influencing people. N/A
PX121601_Not_Talented
PX121601250000 I don't think of myself as talented. N/A
PX121601_Not_Traumatized_Like_Others
PX121601320000 I can get over things that would traumatize more
others. show less
N/A
PX121601_Not_Worried_About_Hurting_Others
PX121601290000 I don't see any point in worrying if what I more
do hurts someone else. show less
N/A
PX121601_Not_Worried_About_Looking_Foolish
PX121601540000 I never worry about making a fool of myself more
with others. show less
N/A
PX121601_No_Sympathy_For_Others
PX121601360000 I don't have much sympathy for people. N/A
PX121601_Optimistic
PX121601010000 I'm optimistic more often than not. N/A
PX121601_Others_Concerned_Lack_Self_Control
PX121601510000 Others have told me they are concerned about more
my lack of self-control. show less
N/A
PX121601_Other_Peoples_Feelings
PX121601020000 How other people feel is important to me. N/A
PX121601_Other_Peoples_Pain
PX121601200000 It doesn't bother me to see someone else in pain. N/A
PX121601_Parachute
PX121601040000 I have no strong desire to parachute out of more
an airplane. show less
N/A
PX121601_Problems_At_Work_Because_Irresponsible
PX121601560000 I have had problems at work because I was more
irresponsible. show less
N/A
PX121601_Relate_To_Peoples_Emotions
PX121601520000 It's easy for me to relate to other people's more
emotions. show less
N/A
PX121601_Return_Insults
PX121601170000 I return insults. N/A
PX121601_Robbed_Someone
PX121601530000 I have robbed someone. N/A
PX121601_Sensitive_To_Others_Feelings
PX121601330000 I am sensitive to the feelings of others. N/A
PX121601_Someone_I_Dislike_Gets_Hurt
PX121601080000 I don't mind if someone I dislike gets hurt. N/A
PX121601_Stack_Up_To_Others
PX121601500000 I don't stack up well against most others. N/A
PX121601_Stolen_From_Store
PX121601430000 I have taken items from a store without more
paying for them. show less
N/A
PX121601_Stolen_From_Vehicle
PX121601600000 I have stolen something out of a vehicle. N/A
PX121601_Sympathize_With_Others
PX121601110000 I sympathize with others' problems. N/A
PX121601_Take_Money_From_Wallet
PX121601240000 I have taken money from someone's purse or more
wallet without asking. show less
N/A
PX121601_Taunt_Others
PX121601260000 I taunt people just to stir things up. N/A
PX121601_Things_Turn_Out_My_Way
PX121601160000 I have a hard time making things turn out more
the way I want. show less
N/A
PX121601_Trouble_Not_Consider_Consequences
PX121601370000 I get in trouble for not considering the more
consequences of my actions. show less
N/A
PX121601_Worried_About_Unfamiliar_Situations
PX121601350000 It worries me to go into an unfamiliar more
situation without knowing all the details. show less
N/A
Psychiatric
Measure Name

Psychopathy-related Constructs

Release Date

May 12, 2010

Definition

This is a questionnaire to assess psychopathy-related constructs (psychopathic personality). Individuals high in psychopathy-related constructs are socially facile but emotionally insensitive, egocentric, lacking in affection or concern for others, deceitful and manipulative, forceful and aggressive, venturesome, impulsive, and irresponsible (APA, 2000; Hare, 2003; Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996; Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009).

Purpose

This measure can be used to screen individuals from the general population for the presence of psychopathy-related constructs. These characteristically entails antisocial or rule-breaking behavior, co-occurs frequently with substance abuse, and is common in incarcerated populations (APA, 2000; Hare, 2003).

Keywords

Psychiatric, antisocial personality disorder, sociopathy, personality disorder, externalizing

Measure Protocols
Protocol ID Protocol Name
121601 Psychopathy - Adult
121602 Lack of Prosocial Emotions - Children - Preschool Parent Report
121603 Lack of Prosocial Emotions - Children - Preschool Teacher-report Version
121604 Lack of Prosocial Emotions - Children - Self-report Version
121605 Lack of Prosocial Emotions - Children - Teacher-report Version
Publications

Brislin, S. J., et al. (2022) Pain processing and antisocial behavior: A multimodal investigation of the roles of boldness and meanness. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 2022 November; 13(6): 685-696. doi: 10.1037/per0000556

Sanchez-Bojorquez, P., et al. (2022) Self-Report Pychopathy Scale Short Form 4th Edicion: Adaptacion y Modelamiento Estructural en Poblacion Penitenciaria Mexicana. [Self-Report Pychopathy Scale Short Form 4th: Adaptation and structural modeling in a Mexican penitentiary population]. Anuario de Psicologia Juridica. 2022 February; 32(1): 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2021a15

Schettini, E., et al. (2021) Internalizing-externalizing comorbidity and regional brain volumes in the ABCD study. Development and Psychopathology. 2021 December; 33(5): 1620-1633.

Barch, D. M., et al. (2021) Demographic and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: Updates and age-related trajectories. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 2021 December; 52: 101031. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101031

Sellbom, M., et al. (2021) Factor structure of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality-Self-Report (CAPP-SR) in community and offender samples. Psychological Assessment. 2021 October; 33(10): 927-939. doi: 10.1037/pas0001029

Collison, K. L., et al. (2021) Examining the factor structure and validity of the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy across measures. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 2021 March; 12(2): 115-126. doi: 10.1037/per0000394

Chen, X., et al. (2020) Role of psychopathic personality traits on the micro-structure of free-operant responding: impacts on goal-directed but not stimulus-drive responses in extinction. Personality and Individual Differences. 2020 September; 163(1-Sep-20): 110055. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110055

Edens, J. F., et al. (2019) Examining the utility of the Personality Assessment Screener in three criminal justice samples. Psychological Services. 2019 November; 16(4): 664-674. doi: 10.1037/ser0000251

Marcus, D. K., et al. (2019) Construction and preliminary validation of Triarchic Psychopathy Scales from the HEXACO-100. Psychological Assessment. 2019 August; 31(8): 961-973. doi: 10.1037/pas0000716

Barch, D. M., et al. (2018) Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: Rationale and description. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018 August; 32: 55-66. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.010

Dotterer, H. L., et al. (2017) Concurrent and developmental correlates of psychopathic traits using a triarchic psychopathy model approach. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017 October; 126(7): 859-876. doi: 10.1037/abn0000302

Hall, M. A., et al. (2017) PLATO software provides analytic framework for investigating complexity beyond genome-wide association studies. Nat Commun. 2017 October; 8(1): 1167. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00802-2

Durand, G., et al. (2017) Negative attitudes towards psychopaths: The role of one's own psychopathic traits. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017 April; 109: 72-76. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.047

Burley, D. T., et al. (2017) As Far as the Eye Can See: Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Pupil Response to Affective Stimuli. PLoS One. 2017 January; 12(1): e0167436. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167436

Pattaro, C., et al. (2015) The Cooperative Health Research in South Tyrol (CHRIS) study: rationale, objectives, and preliminary results. J Transl Med. 2015 November; 13: 348. doi: 10.1186/s12967-015-0704-9

McCarty, C.A., Berg, R., Rottscheit, C.M., Waudby, C.J., Kitchner, T., Brilliant, M., Ritchie, M.D. (2014) Validation of PhenX measures in the personalized medicine research project for use in gene/environment studies. BMC Med Genomics. 2014 January; 7: 3. doi: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-3

Craig, R.L., Gray, N.S., Snowden, R.J. (2013) Recalled Parental Bonding, Current Attachment, and the Triarchic Conceptualisation of Psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences. 2013 August; 55(4): 345-350. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.012

Strickland, C.M., Drislane, L.E., Lucy, M., Krueger, R.F., Patrick, C.J. (2013) Characterizing psychopathy using DSM-5 personality traits. Assessment. 2013 June; 20(3): 327-38. doi: 10.1177/1073191113486691

Stanley, J.H., Wygant, D.B., Sellbom, M. (2013) Elaborating on the construct validity of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure in a criminal offender sample. J Pers Assess. 2013 January; 95(4): 343-50. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2012.735302